Editing Swastika (section)

====Post-Schliemann popularity====
{{See also|Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century}}

The swastika symbol became a popular symbol in the Western world in the early 20th century, and was often used for ornamentation. It symbolised many things to the Europeans, with the most common symbolism being of good luck and auspiciousness.<ref name=holocaust2009 />

The Benedictine choir school at [[Lambach Abbey]], Upper Austria, which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastika chiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. Their origin was the personal [[coat of arms]] of [[Theoderich Hagn]], abbot of the monastery in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a blue field.<ref>[http://www.humanitas-international.org/holocaust/1889-99t.htm Holocaust Chronology] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120801224433/http://www.humanitas-international.org/holocaust/1889-99t.htm |date=1 August 2012 }}</ref>

The British author and poet [[Rudyard Kipling]] used the symbol on the cover art of a number of his works, including ''[[The Five Nations]]'', 1903, which has it twinned with an elephant. Once Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power, Kipling ordered that swastikas should no longer adorn his books.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} In 1927, a red swastika [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] by a Union Jack was proposed as a flag for the [[Union of South Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Crampton |title=The World of Flags |date=1990 |publisher=Studio Additions |pages=154–155 |isbn=1-85170-426-4 }}</ref>

The logo of [[Eimskip|H/f. Eimskipafjelag Íslands]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eimskip.is/um-eimskip/saga-eimskips/|title=Saga Eimskips|website=Eimskip|language=en|access-date=2019-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821050702/https://www.eimskip.is/um-eimskip/saga-eimskips/|archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> was a swastika, called "Thor's hammer", from its founding in 1914 until the [[Second World War]] when it was discontinued and changed to read only the letters Eimskip.

The swastika was also used by the women's paramilitary organisation [[Lotta Svärd]], which was banned in 1944 in accordance with the [[Moscow Armistice]] between Finland and the [[Allies of World War II|allied]] [[Soviet Union]] and Britain.

Also, the insignias of the [[Order of the Cross of Liberty|Cross of Liberty]], designed by Gallen-Kallela in 1918, have swastikas. The 3rd class Cross of Liberty is depicted in the upper left corner of the standard of the President of Finland, who is the grand master of the order, too.<ref>[http://www.tpk.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=41443&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 Flag] {{webarchive|url= https://archive.today/20110720194040/http://www.tpk.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=41443&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |date=20 July 2011 }} The President of the Republic Of Finland</ref>

[[File:Roundel of Latvia (1926-1940).svg|thumb|upright=.5|Latvian Air Force roundel until 1940]]

Latvia adopted the swastika, for its [[Latvian Air Force|Air Force]] in 1918/1919 and continued its use until the [[Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940|Soviet occupation]] in 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/lv%5Eair.html|title=Latvia – Airforce Flag and Aircraft Marking|website=fotw.info|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPv1gjLhtZ4C&q=latvian+army+swastika&pg=PA39|title=Latvia in World War II|last=Lumans|first=Valdis O.|date=2006|publisher=Fordham Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8232-2627-6|page=39|language=en}}</ref> The cross itself was maroon on a white background, mirroring the colours of the Latvian flag. Earlier versions pointed counter-clockwise, while later versions pointed clock-wise and eliminated the white background.<ref>[http://www.insigniamag.com/afs005.html Latvian Air Force 1918–1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217215841/http://www.insigniamag.com/afs005.html |date=17 February 2012 }}. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.latvianaviation.com Spārnota Latvija] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035446/http://latvianaviation.com/ |date=4 February 2012 }}. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</ref> Various other [[Latvian Army]] units and the Latvian War College<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vitber.lv/lv/lot/20294|title=Nozīme, Apvienotā Kara skola, 1938. gada izlaidums, Nr. 937, sudrabs, Latvija, 20.gs. 20-30ie gadi, 44.3 x 34.2 mm, 15.60 g, darbnīca V. F. Millers|website=Vitber|language=lv|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> (the predecessor of the [[National Defence Academy of Latvia|National Defence Academy]]) also had adopted the symbol in their battle flags and insignia during the [[Latvian War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://latvianmilitaryhistory.wordpress.lv/2012/10/01/latvijas-armijas-nacionalo-brunoto-speku-un-citi-karogi/|title=Latvijas armijas, Nacionālo Bruņoto Spēku un citu iestāžu karogi.|date=2012-10-01|work=latvianmilitaryhistory|access-date=2018-11-08|language=lv}}</ref> A stylised fire cross is the base of the [[Order of Lāčplēsis]], the highest military decoration of Latvia for participants of the War of Independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lnvm.lv/en/?p=1242|title=Exhibition "The Lāčplēsis Military Order" ← National History Museum of Latvia|website=lnvm.lv|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> The [[Pērkonkrusts]], an ultra-nationalist political organisation active in the 1930s, also used the fire cross as one of its symbols.

The swastika symbol ([[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''sūkurėlis'') is a traditional Baltic ornament,<ref name="Guénon-2001" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.efhr.eu/2012/02/03/swastika-historical-heritage-of-lithuania/|title=Swastika – historical heritage of Lithuania |website=European Foundation of Human Rights|date=3 February 2012 |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> found on relics dating from at least the 13th century.<ref name="Sarmatas">{{cite web|url=http://www.sarmatas.lt/02/svastika-musu-proteviu-lietuviu-simbolis/|title=Svastika Mūsų protėvių lietuvių simbolis |trans-title=Swastika The symbol of our Lithuanian ancestors |website=sarmatas.lt|date=7 February 2010|language=lt|access-date=2018-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303130833/http://www.sarmatas.lt/02/svastika-musu-proteviu-lietuviu-simbolis/ |archive-date=2010-03-03}}</ref> The ''sūkurėlis'' for Lithuanians represents the history and memory of their Lithuanian ancestors as well as the [[Balts|Baltic people]] at large.<ref name="Sarmatas"/> There are monuments in Lithuania such as the Freedom Monument in [[Rokiškis]] where swastikas can be found.<ref name="Sarmatas" />

Starting in 1917, [[Mikal Sylten]]'s staunchly [[antisemitic]] periodical, ''[[Nationalt Tidsskrift]]'' took up the swastika as a symbol, three years before [[Adolf Hitler]] chose to do so.<ref name="ØS">{{cite book|title=Fra Hitler til Quisling|last=Sørensen |first=Øystein |author-link=Øystein Sørensen |date=1989 |publisher=J.W. Cappelens Forlag |location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-11992-8 |pages=93–94 }}</ref>

The left-handed swastika was a favourite sign of the last Russian Empress [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alexandra Feodorovna]]. She wore a talisman in the form of a swastika, put it everywhere for happiness, including on her suicide letters from [[Tobolsk]],<ref>{{cite book |surname=Rollin |given=Henri |date=1939 |title=L'Apocalypse de notre temps |language=fr |place=Paris |publisher=Gallimard |pages=61–62}}</ref> later drew with a pencil on the wall and in the window opening of the room in the [[Ipatiev House]], which served as the place of the last imprisonment of the royal family and on the wallpaper above the bed.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Gilliard |given=Pierre <!--|author-link=Pierre Gilliard--> |date=1923 |title=Thirteen Years at the Russian Court |publisher=Online open source |url=http://www.alexanderpalace.org/2006pierre/introduction.html |via=Alexanderpalace.org}}</ref>

The [[Russian Provisional Government]] of 1917 printed a number of new bank notes with right-facing, diagonally rotated swastikas in their centres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Русские бумажные деньги, цену денежных знаков России, местных и частных денежных знаков, боны и валюты. |trans-title=Russian paper money, price list of Russia banknotes, currency, local and private banknotes |language=ru |url=http://atsnotes.com/banknotes/russia.html |website=atsnotes.com}}</ref> The banknote design was initially intended for the Mongolian national bank but was re-purposed for [[Russian ruble]]s after the February revolution. Swastikas were depicted and on some Soviet credit cards ([[sovznak]]s) printed with clichés that were in circulation in 1918–1922.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nikolaiev, R. |url=http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/miniatur/1992-7.htm |title=Советские "кредитки" со свастикой? |trans-title=Soviet "credit cards" with a swastika? |language=ru |website=bonistikaweb.ru |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810135611/http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/miniatur/1992-7.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the [[Russian Civil War]], swastikas were present in the symbolism of the uniform of some units of the [[White Army]] [[Asiatic Cavalry Division]] of [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg|Baron Ungern]] in Siberia and [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]], which is explained by the significant number of Buddhists within it.<ref>{{cite journal |surname=Tsvetkov |given=Vasily |title=Р. Ф. Унгерн и попытки организации центра антибольшевистского сопротивления в Монголии (1918–1921 годы). 1-я часть |trans-title=R. F. Ungern and attempts to organize a center of anti-Bolshevik resistance in Mongolia (1918–1921). Part 1 |journal=Новый исторический вестник [New Historical Bulletin] |language=ru |date=2015 |volume=45 |number=3 |pages=145–172}}</ref> The [[Red Army]]'s ethnic [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] units wore distinct armbands featuring a swastika with "РСФСР" (Roman: "RSFSR") inscriptions on them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Приказ войскам Юго-Восточного фронта от 03.11.1919 № 213 |trans-title=Order to the troops of the South-Eastern Front dated 11/03/1919 No. 213 |url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_03.11.1919_%E2%84%96_213 |website=ru.wikisource.org |language=ru}}</ref>