Editing Surgery (section)

===Ancient and Medieval Greece===
[[Image:Hippocrates rubens.jpg|thumb|160px|Bust of [[Hippocrates]], who advocated for surgery to be performed by [[Specialist doctor|specialists]].]]

In [[ancient Greece]], temples dedicated to the healer-god [[Asclepius]], known as ''Asclepieia'' ({{langx|el|Ασκληπιεία}}, sing. ''Asclepieion'' ''Ασκληπιείον''), functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.<ref>Risse, G.B. ''Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals.'' Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 56 [https://books.google.com/books?id=htLTvdz5HDEC&q=History+of+Hospital%2BAsclepieion&pg=PA56]</ref> In the Asclepieion of [[Epidaurus]], some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place.<ref name=books.google.com /> The Greek [[Galen]] was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations&nbsp;– including brain and eye surgery&nbsp;– that were not tried again for almost two millennia. [[Hippocrates]] stated in the [[Hippocratic Oath|oath]] ({{Circa|400 BCE}}) "I will not use the knife, even upon those suffering from stones, but I will leave this to those who are trained in this craft."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greek Medicine |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/topics/greek-medicine/index.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>

Researchers from the [[Adelphi University]] discovered in the Paliokastro on [[Thasos]] ten skeletal remains, four women and six men, who were buried between the fourth and seventh centuries A.D. Their bones illuminated their physical activities, traumas, and even a complex form of brain surgery. According to the researchers: "The very serious trauma cases sustained by both males and females had been treated surgically or orthopedically by a very experienced physician/surgeon with great training in trauma care. We believe it to have been a military physician". The researchers were impressed by the complexity of the brain surgical operation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/au-ard040720.php| title = Adelphi researcher discovers early, complex brain surgery in ancient Greece| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 10 April 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200410115723/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/au-ard040720.php| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 1991 at the Polystylon fort in Greece, researchers discovered the head of a Byzantine warrior of the 14th century. Analysis of the lower jaw revealed that a surgery has been performed, when the warrior was alive, to the jaw which had been badly fractured and it tied back together until it healed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/byzantine-warrior-fractured-jaw|title=Byzantine warrior with gold-threaded jaw unearthed in Greece|author1=Laura Geggel|date=29 September 2021|website=livescience.com}}</ref>