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====United States==== The [[United States]] is an example of a country that once implemented [[Eugenics|eugenic]] [[Sterilization law in the United States|sterilization laws]] and practices. White American eugenicists promoted involuntary sterilization as a means of ensuring [[white supremacy]] by preventing so-called "race suicide."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Eugenics and Scientific Racism |url=https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.genome.gov |language=en}}</ref> Therefore, eugenic policies in America often targeted [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latinos]], [[African Americans]], [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], people with [[Disability|disabilities]], and poor whites. <ref name=":5" /> The first involuntary sterilization law was enacted in [[Indiana]] in 1907, later followed by a [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruling in 1927 that legalized the practice nationwide.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |title=The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/07/469478098/the-supreme-court-ruling-that-led-to-70-000-forced-sterilizations |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> The 1927 Supreme Court decision in ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' ruled that a state could perform forcible sterilization procedures on those deemed unfit for reproduction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/200/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> As a result of this ruling, an estimated 70,000 Americans were forcibly sterilized.<ref name=":02" /> Until 1970, 30 states had enacted eugenic sterilization practices. <ref name=":5" /> Both men and women were subjected to sterilization, with [[vasectomy]] being the most common procedure for men, and women often subjected to a [[salpingectomy]], a comparatively more invasive procedure.<ref name=":02" /> These eugenic sterilizations had the greatest impacts on people with [[Mental disorder|mental illness]], [[Intellectual disability|intellectual disabilities]], and [[Person of color|people of color]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Reilly |first=Philip R. |date=2015 |title=Eugenics and Involuntary Sterilization: 1907β2015 |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |language=en |volume=16 |pages=351β368 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930 |doi-access=free |issn=1527-8204}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Novak |first=Nicole L. |last2=Lira |first2=Natalie |last3=O'Connor |first3=Kate E. |last4=Harlow |first4=SiobΓ‘n D. |last5=Kardia |first5=Sharon L.βR. |last6=Stern |first6=Alexandra Minna |date=May 2018 |title=Disproportionate Sterilization of Latinos Under California's Eugenic Sterilization Program, 1920β1945 |title-link=doi |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=611β613 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2018.304369 |doi-access=free|issn=0090-0036 |pmc=5888070 |pmid=29565671}}</ref> In addition, states varied in the extent to which they employed these practices, with [[California]] operating one of the largest [[Eugenics in California|eugenic sterilization programs]] in the country.<ref name=":1" /> Beginning in 1909, California executed approximately one-third of the nation's eugenic sterilizations.<ref name=":2" /> Under California law, sterilization was permitted for individuals in hospitals and state homes who were classified as "feebleminded."<ref name=":2" /> These laws disproportionately targeted people of Latin American heritage, especially women and girls.<ref name=":2" /> By the late 1930s, the practice of widespread eugenic sterilization in the United States began to decline, with further declines following the 1942 Supreme Court Ruling in ''[[Skinner v. Oklahoma]]''.<ref name=":1" /> However, the ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' ruling has never been explicitly overturned.
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