Editing Shoe (section)

=== Athletic ===
{{Main|Sneakers}}
[[File:Puma shoes.jpg|thumb|right|A pair of athletic running shoes]]
[[File:20230414 Bowling shoes in rack.jpg|thumb|Bowling centers maintain bowling shoes for rental to patrons, to prevent damage to lane approaches.]]
[[Athletic shoes]] are designed for various sports activities, focusing on maximizing [[friction]] between the foot and the ground. These shoes often utilize materials like [[Natural rubber|rubber]] to achieve this purpose.<ref name="McGinnis_Peter">{{cite book|last=McGinnis|first=Peter M.|title=Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise|year=2005|publisher=www.humankinetics.com|location=[[Champaign, Illinois]]|isbn=978-0-7360-5101-9|pages=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrOKEcZXJ58C&q=athletic+shoes&pg=PA26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429115822/https://books.google.com/books?id=PrOKEcZXJ58C&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=athletic+shoes&source=bl&ots=dkFLbMtbgu&sig=ifnj5F7hHLK5d-hXDryKw00t6ZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Xk42UPDfL46M0QGCk4DYDw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=athletic%20shoes&f=false|archive-date=2016-04-29|edition=Second}}</ref> The earliest athletic shoes, dating to the mid-19th century, were [[track spikes]] with metal [[cleat (shoe)|cleats]] for increased traction. Over time, athletic shoe design evolved, with companies like [[Reebok]] and [[Adidas]] contributing to the development of modern athletic shoes. Notable innovations include rubber-soled athletic shoes and the introduction of specialized shoes for different sports, such as [[basketball]] and [[golf]]. More recently, minimalist shoes have gained popularity as [[barefoot running]] became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century, maintaining optimum flexibility and natural walking while also providing some degree of protection. Their purpose is to allow one's feet and legs to feel more subtly the impacts and forces involved in running, allowing finer adjustments in running style.<ref name="Dan Winters">{{cite news |last=Winters |first=Dan |date=November 2010 |title=Is Less More? |url=http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-240-400--13691-F,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728010633/http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-240-400--13691-F,00.html |archive-date=July 28, 2012 |access-date=July 23, 2012 |magazine=[[Runner's World]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="DeMello_Margo" /><ref name="Farrally_Cochran">{{cite book|author1=Farrally, Martin R. |author2=Cochran, Alastair J. |title=Science and Golf III: Proceedings of the 1998 World Scientific Congress of Golf|publisher=www.humankinetics.com|location=[[Champaign, Illinois]]|isbn=978-0-7360-0020-8|pages=568–569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnC60GN8PJ4C&q=golf+shoes&pg=PA569|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518175144/https://books.google.com/books?id=MnC60GN8PJ4C&pg=PA569&lpg=PA569&dq=golf+shoes&source=bl&ots=p20uF2KOiQ&sig=PleJJIBWPb9r_ftziNEukm4W3Vw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AWo2UKWvKceB0QHa7oHoAg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=golf%20shoes&f=false|archive-date=2016-05-18|year=1999}}</ref>

The earliest rubber-soled athletic shoes date back to 1876 in the United Kingdom, when the New Liverpool Rubber Company made [[plimsolls]], or sandshoes, designed for the sport of [[croquet]]. Similar rubber-soled shoes were made in 1892 in the United States by Humphrey O'Sullivan, based on [[Charles Goodyear]]'s technology. The [[United States Rubber Company]] was founded the same year and produced rubber-soled and heeled shoes under a variety of brand names, which were later consolidated in 1916 under the name, [[Keds (shoes)|Keds]]. These shoes became known as, "sneakers", because the rubber sole allowed the wearer to sneak up on another person. In 1964, the founding of [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] by [[Phil Knight]] and [[Bill Bowerman]] of the [[University of Oregon]] introduced many new improvements common in modern running shoes, such as rubber waffle soles, breathable [[nylon]] uppers, and cushioning in the mid-sole and heel. During the 1970s, the expertise of [[podiatrist]]s also became important in athletic shoe design, to implement new design features based on how feet reacted to specific actions, such as running, jumping, or side-to-side movement for men and women.<ref name="DeMello_Margo" />

[[File:A classic Black pair of Converse All Stars resting on the Black & White Ed. Shoebox (1998-2002).JPG|left|thumb|upright|A pair of Converse All-Stars]]

Shoes specific to the sport of [[basketball]] were developed by [[Chuck Taylor (salesman)|Chuck Taylor]], and are popularly known as [[Chuck Taylor All-Stars]]. In 1969, Taylor was inducted into the [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame]] in recognition of this development, and in the 1970s, other shoe manufacturers, such as Nike, Adidas, Reebok, and others began imitating this style of athletic shoe.<ref name="Peterson_Hal">{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Hal|title=Chucks!: The Phenomenon of Converse Chuck Taylor All Stars|year=2007|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]]|location=[[New York City]]|isbn=978-1-60239-079-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ko_a_Ij3TRMC&q=converse+all-stars|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511032858/https://books.google.com/books?id=ko_a_Ij3TRMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=converse+all-stars&source=bl&ots=yMn8WAJnK8&sig=GeSNFIYNAUgRGChnDqMfefDXuPY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YIM2UK_vNIya8gT5iYDwBQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=converse%20all-stars&f=false|archive-date=2016-05-11}}</ref> In April 1985, Nike introduced its own brand of basketball shoe which would become popular in its own right, the [[Air Jordan]], named after the then-rookie [[Chicago Bulls]] basketball player, [[Michael Jordan]]. The Air Jordan line of shoes sold $100 million in their first year.<ref name="Papson_Goldman">{{cite book|author1=Papson, Stephen|author2=Goldman, Robert|title=Nike Culture: The Sign of the Swoosh|year=1998|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=[[London]]|isbn=978-0-7619-6148-2|pages=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYP03bw1mVIC&q=air+jordans&pg=PA47|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517123717/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYP03bw1mVIC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=air+jordans&source=bl&ots=2FUA00vpwr&sig=77efxA0aD2mdSqO5V5321Xv6TDI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QoU2UN-6OpO08ASC3oGIDg&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=air%20jordans&f=false|archive-date=2016-05-17}}</ref>

As [[barefoot running]] became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century, many modern shoe manufacturers have recently designed footwear that mimic this experience, maintaining optimum flexibility and natural walking while also providing some degree of protection. Some of these shoes include the [[Vibram FiveFingers]],<ref name="TrailSpace">{{cite news|title=Vibram FiveFingers Named A "Best Invention of 2007" by Time Magazine|url=http://www.trailspace.com/articles/2007/11/12/vibram-fivefingers-named-a-best-invention-of-2007-by-time-magazine.html|access-date=June 26, 2010|newspaper=trailspace.com|date=12 November 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513230848/http://www.trailspace.com/articles/2007/11/12/vibram-fivefingers-named-a-best-invention-of-2007-by-time-magazine.html|archive-date=13 May 2010}}</ref> [[Nike Free]],<ref name="Cortese_Amy">{{cite news|last=Cortese|first=Amy|title=Wiggling Their Toes at the Shoe Giants|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/30/business/30shoe.html|access-date=July 1, 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 29, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404080819/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/30/business/30shoe.html|archive-date=April 4, 2011}}</ref> and [[Saucony]]'s Kinvara and Hattori.<ref name="Saucony">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.runnersworld.com/cda/shoefinder_detail/1,7161,s6-240-400-0-0-0-0-0-1861,00.html |title=Saucony Progrid Kinvara Running Shoe Review: Runner's World |magazine=Runner's World |date=February 15, 2008 |access-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911213001/http://www.runnersworld.com/cda/shoefinder_detail/1,7161,s6-240-400-0-0-0-0-0-1861,00.html |archive-date=September 11, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Jhung_Lisa">{{cite news|last=Jhung|first=Lisa|title=Saucony Minimalism|url=http://gear.runnersworld.com/2011/05/saucony-minimalism.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506145415/http://gear.runnersworld.com/2011/05/saucony-minimalism.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-06|access-date=August 17, 2011|newspaper=Runner's World|date=May 2011}}</ref> Mexican [[Huarache (running shoe)|huaraches]] are also very simple running shoes, similar to the shoes worn by the [[Tarahumara]] people of northern Mexico, who are known for their distance running abilities.<ref name="McDougall_Christopher">{{cite book|last=McDougall|first=Christopher|title=Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen|year=2011|publisher=Vintage Books|location=[[New York City]]|isbn=978-0-307-27918-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307279187/page/168 168], 172|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307279187|url-access=registration|quote=born to run.}}</ref> [[Wrestling shoes]] are also very light and flexible shoes that are designed to mimic bare feet while providing additional traction and protection.

Many athletic shoes are designed with specific features for specific activities. One of these includes [[roller skates]], which have metal or plastic wheels on the bottom specific for the sport of roller skating. Similarly, [[ice skates]] have a metal blade attached to the bottom for locomotion across [[ice]]. [[Skate shoes]] have also been designed to provide a comfortable, flexible and durable shoe for the sport of [[skateboarding]].<ref name="Welinder_Whitley">{{cite book|author1=Welinder, Per|author2=Whitley, Peter|title=Mastering Skateboarding|year=2012|publisher=Human Kinetics|location=[[Champaign, Illinois]]|isbn=978-0-7360-9599-0|pages=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-sm3PHrfuMC&q=skate+shoes&pg=PA8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624133118/https://books.google.com/books?id=n-sm3PHrfuMC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=skate+shoes&source=bl&ots=hHtSxS72qm&sig=r38MPQz6t7tiO5dgrvT6g3STjhg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wos2ULXeD4T89gS6joGwCg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=skate%20shoes&f=false|archive-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> [[Climbing shoe]]s are rubber-soled, tight-fitting shoes designed to fit in the small cracks and crevices for [[rock climbing]]. [[Cycling shoe]]s are similarly designed with rubber soles and a tight fit, but also are equipped with a metal or plastic cleat to interface with [[bicycle pedal#Clipless pedals|clipless pedals]], as well as a stiff sole to maximize power transfer and support the foot.<ref name="IPMBA">{{cite book|last=International Police Mountain Bike Association|title=The Complete Guide to Public Safety Cycling|year=2008|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|location=[[Sudbury, Massachusetts]]|isbn=978-0-7637-4433-5|pages=45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWeDspfAdKcC&q=cycling+shoes&pg=PA45|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519050811/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWeDspfAdKcC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=cycling+shoes&source=bl&ots=FRDs04HdY_&sig=H1Gf57RjKAVWzaYA6vMtKoHofN0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YI02UKufII2o8gSAhIGwDA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cycling%20shoes&f=false|archive-date=2016-05-19}}</ref> Some shoes are made specifically to improve a person's ability to [[weight training|weight train]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/best-weightlifting-shoes-according-trainers-202200672.html|title=The Best Weightlifting Shoes, According to Trainers|website=Yahoo Life|first1=Ben|last1=Radding|date=November 15, 2018}}</ref> Sneakers that are a mix between an activity-centered and a more standard design have also been produced: examples include [[roller shoe]]s, which feature wheels that can be used to roll on hard ground, and [[Soap (shoes)|Soap shoes]], which feature a hard plastic sole that can be used for [[Grind (sport)|grinding]].