Editing Shenzhen (section)

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Shenzhen}}
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations of Shenzhen in the [[National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|National Census]]
|percentages = pagr
|source = <ref>{{cite book |script-chapter=zh:3-2 户数、人口、出生、死亡及自然增长 |trans-title=Households, Population, Birth, Death and Natural Growth |url=http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/attachment/0/736/736628/8386382.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727043152/http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/attachment/0/736/736628/8386382.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-27 |title=Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook 2020 |page=55 |language=zh, en }} - [http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/nj2020/nianjian.html?2020 Web version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222213759/http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/nj2020/nianjian.html?2020 |date=22 December 2021 }} - See column "年末常住人 口数 (万人) Year-end Permanent Population (10 000 persons)". The original source expresses figures in ten thousands. Here the numbers are converted to the ordinary format.</ref><ref name="ShenzhenStats-2021"/>
|1982 |351900
|1990 |1667400
|2000 |7008400
|2010 |10424000
|2015|11378700
|18=13438800|20=17560100|19=2020|14=12528300|17=2019|16=13026600|15=2018|13=2017|2016|11908400}}

As of 2020, Shenzhen had a total permanent population of 17,560,000, with 5,874,000 (33.4 percent) of them [[hukou]] holders (registered locally).<ref name="ShenzhenStats-2021">{{cite web |title=Seventh National Population Census Communique of Shenzhen, No. 1 |url=http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkml/tjsj/tjgb/content/post_8771927.html |website=Shenzhen Statistics Bureau |publisher= |access-date=25 July 2021 |language=Chinese |script-title=zh:深圳市第七次全国人口普查公报[1]（第一号） |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010163844/http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkml/tjsj/tjgb/content/post_8771927.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Shenzhen.gov-2021a">{{Cite web|title=City population stands at 17.56 million_Latest News-Shenzhen Government Online|url=http://www.sz.gov.cn/en_szgov/news/latest/content/post_8771774.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=sz.gov.cn|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010163523/http://www.sz.gov.cn/en_szgov/news/latest/content/post_8771774.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Msn-2021">{{Cite web|title=China's Shenzhen to tighten residency rules to curb population boom|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/chinas-shenzhen-to-tighten-residency-rules-to-curb-population-boom/ar-AAKowSE|access-date=2021-06-18|website=msn.com|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628013438/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/chinas-shenzhen-to-tighten-residency-rules-to-curb-population-boom/ar-AAKowSE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=户籍人口5年新增200多万！深圳要收紧落户了？|url=https://finance.ifeng.com/c/85pWEmOKhVN|access-date=2021-06-18|website=finance.ifeng.com|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010163313/https://finance.ifeng.com/c/85pWEmOKhVN|url-status=live}}</ref> As Shenzhen is a young city, senior citizens above 60 years old took up only 5.36 percent of the city's total population.<ref name="Shenzhen.gov-2021a" /> Despite this, the [[life expectancy]] in Shenzhen is 81.25 in 2018, ranking among the [[List of cities in China by life expectancy|top twenty cities in China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://export.gov/China/doingbizinchina/regionalinfo/secondtiercities/eg_cn_025695.asp|title=Shenzhen|year=2007|publisher=U.S. Commercial Service|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412050558/http%3A//export%2Egov/china/doingbizinchina/regionalinfo/secondtiercities/eg_cn_025695%2Easp|archive-date=12 April 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=28 February 2008}}</ref> The male to female ratio in Shenzhen is 130 to 100, making the city having the highest sex disparity in comparison to other cities in [[Guangdong]].<ref name="Shenzhen.gov-2021a" /> Shenzhen also has a high birth rate compared to other Chinese cities with 21.7 babies for every 10,000 of its 13.44 million population in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-05-10|title=Shenzhen shows challenge of reversing China's demographic decline despite high birth rate|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shenzhen-shows-challenge-of-reversing-chinas-demographic-decline-despite-high-birth|access-date=2021-06-18|website=The Straits Times|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010163459/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shenzhen-shows-challenge-of-reversing-chinas-demographic-decline-despite-high-birth|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shenzhen is the [[List of cities proper by population|fifth most populous city proper]] in China.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=zh:2017年深圳经济有质量稳定发展|trans-title=In 2017, Shenzhen economy will have stable quality and development|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/xxgk/tjsj/tjfx/201802/t20180201_10762739.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171434/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/xxgk/tjsj/tjfx/201802/t20180201_10762739.htm|archive-date=23 February 2018|access-date=23 February 2018|language=zh}}</ref> Shenzhen is part of the [[Pearl Delta|Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region]] (covering cities such as [[Guangzhou]], [[Dongguan]], [[Foshan]], [[Zhongshan]], [[Zhuhai]], [[Huizhou]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Macau]]), the world's largest urban area according to the [[World Bank]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mead|first=Nick Van|date=2015-01-28|title=China's Pearl River Delta overtakes Tokyo as world's largest megacity|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/28/china-pearl-river-delta-overtake-tokyo-world-largest-megacity-urban-area|access-date=2019-08-21|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010162827/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/28/china-pearl-river-delta-overtake-tokyo-world-largest-megacity-urban-area|url-status=live}}</ref> which has a population of 78 million according to the [[Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|2020 census]].<ref name="Shenzhen.gov-2021a" />

Before Shenzhen's establishment as a SEZ in 1980, the area was composed mainly of [[Hakka people|Hakka]] and [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sznews.com/n/ca393220.htm|script-title=zh:深圳客家文化的历史追问|date=2003-06-22|work=深圳新闻网|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606042102/http://www.sznews.com/n/ca393220.htm|archive-date=2012-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> When the SEZ was established, the city attracted migrants from all around Guangdong, including Hakka, Cantonese, and [[Teochew people|Teochew]], as well as migrants from [[Southern China|Southern]] and [[Central China|Central Chinese]] provinces such as [[Hunan]], [[Guangxi]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Sichuan]], and [[Henan]].<ref name="Netease-2020">{{Cite web|last=网易|date=2020-08-26|title=深圳人口图鉴：86%的人在打拼 外省人中湖南占比最多|url=https://www.163.com/money/article/FKVQ5CI8002580S6.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=163.com|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010202854/https://www.163.com/money/article/FKVQ5CI8002580S6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of these migrants live in urban villages called ''[[Urban village (China)|chengzhongcun]]'' ({{Lang-zh|c=城中村|labels=no|l=village in the city}}) such as [[Baishizhou]] in the [[Nanshan District, Shenzhen|Nanshan District]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-22|title=Migrant workers forced out as 'urban village' faces wrecking ball|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3019506/migrant-workers-forced-out-one-shenzhens-last-urban-villages|access-date=2021-06-18|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202717/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3019506/migrant-workers-forced-out-one-shenzhens-last-urban-villages|url-status=live}}</ref> Shenzhen also has a notable [[Koreans in China|Korean]] minority based in the Nanshan District and the [[Futian District]] originating from migrants moving to Shenzhen to work for South Korean companies that had branched out into the city when China had [[Chinese economic reform|opened up]].<ref name="Donghai">{{cite news|date=2014-07-01|title=South Koreans find new home in Donghai|newspaper=[[Shenzhen Daily]]|url=http://www.szdaily.com/content/2014-07/01/content_9733325.htm|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010164611/http://www.szdaily.com/content/2014-07/01/content_9733325.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2ndhometown">{{cite web|date=2007-09-28|title=ShenZhen, Koreans' second hometown|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/LivinginChina/226215.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011185207/http://www.china.org.cn/english/LivinginChina/226215.htm|archive-date=2007-10-11|access-date=2019-05-03|publisher=[[Shenzhen Daily]] at [[China.org.cn]]}}</ref>

Due to Shenzhen's population overshooting the 14.8 million population target for 2016 to 2020, the Shenzhen justice bureau on 25 May 2021 announced it would make it harder to earn a hukou to live in the city.<ref name="Msn-2021" /> In regards to the registered population (hukou), Shenzhen experienced an increase of 2.178 million (58.9 percent) registered residents in the city from 2015 to 2020.<ref name="Netease-2020" /> The city's permanent population increased by 7,136,088 (68.46 percent) from 2010 to 2020, for an average annual growth rate of 5.35%.<ref name="ShenzhenStats-2021" />

=== Religion ===
According to the Department of Religious Affairs of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government, the two main religions present in Shenzhen are [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]]. Every district also has [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] churches, as well as [[mosque]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=zh:中共深圳市委统战部（市民族宗教事务局、市侨务办公室、市侨联）|url=http://www.tzb.sz.gov.cn/xwzx/gzdt/tzsx/mzgz/zjgz/201609/t20160921_4956774.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223121314/http://www.tzb.sz.gov.cn/xwzx/gzdt/tzsx/mzgz/zjgz/201609/t20160921_4956774.htm|archive-date=23 February 2017|access-date=27 May 2017|website=tzb.sz.gov.cn}}</ref> According to a 2010 survey held by the [[University of Southern California]], approximately 37 percent of Shenzhen's residents were practitioners of [[Chinese folk religion]]s, 26 percent were Buddhist, 18 percent Taoist, 2 percent [[Christian]], and 2 percent [[Muslim]]. 15 percent were unaffiliated to any religion. Most new migrants to Shenzhen rely upon the common spiritual heritage drawn from Chinese folk religion.<ref>Fan, Lizhu; Whitehead, James D. (2011). "[https://religiouslife.hku.hk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Fan-Lizhu-James-D.-Whitehead.-Urban-Spirituality.-2011.pdf Spirituality in a Modern Chinese Metropolis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922192130/https://religiouslife.hku.hk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Fan-Lizhu-James-D.-Whitehead.-Urban-Spirituality.-2011.pdf|date=22 September 2018}}". In Palmer, David A.; Shive, Glenn; Wickeri, Philip L. ''Chinese Religious Life''. Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199731381</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last1=Lizhu| first1=Fan| last2=Whitehead| first2=James D.| year=2004|title=Fate and Fortune: Popular Religion and Moral Capital in Shenzhen| journal=Journal of Chinese Religions| volume=32| pages=83–100|doi=10.1179/073776904804759969}}</ref> Shenzhen also hosts the headquarters of the [[Holy Confucian Church]], established in 2009.<ref>Payette, Alex. "[http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_30036.pdf Shenzhen's Kongshengtang: Religious Confucianism and Local Moral Governance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020031708/http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_30036.pdf|date=20 October 2017}}". ''Role of Religion in Political Life'', Panel RC43, 23rd World Congress of Political Science, 19–24 July 2014.</ref>

=== Languages ===
Prior to the establishment of [[Special Economic Zone]], the indigenous local communities could be divided into [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]] and [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] speakers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/1321/2005/08/15/157@660580.htm|publisher=中國國際廣播電臺國際線上|script-title=zh:深圳客家人的來歷和客家民居|trans-title=Hakka Origins and Settlements in Shenzhen|access-date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221072508/http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/1321/2005/08/15/157@660580.htm|archive-date=21 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> which were two cultural and linguistic sub-ethnic groups vernacular to Guangdong province. Two Cantonese varieties were spoken locally. One was a fairly standard version, known as [[standard Cantonese]]. The other, spoken by several villages south of Fuhua Road was called [[Weitou dialect]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tc.wangchao.net.cn/baike/detail_743158.html|script-title=zh:圍頭話 Weitou dialect|access-date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215034220/http://tc.wangchao.net.cn/baike/detail_743158.html|archive-date=15 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Two or three Hong Kong villages south of the Shenzhen River also speak this dialect. This is consistent with the area settled by people who accompanied the Southern Song court to the south in the late 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book| last1=Rule| first1=Ted| title=Shenzhen: The Book| last2=Rule| first2=Karen| publisher=ShenzhenParty.com| year=2015| asin=B00S8H2KUA}}</ref>

The influx of migrants from other parts of the country has drastically altered the city's linguistic landscape, as Shenzhen has undergone a [[language shift]] towards [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], which was both promoted by the [[Chinese Central Government]] as a national [[lingua franca]] and natively spoken by most of the out-of-province immigrants and their descendants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-02/15/c_122703615.htm|date=15 February 2012|newspaper=南方網|access-date=16 April 2012|script-title=zh:深圳將粵語精髓融入普通話 Shenzhen Incorporates Cantonese Essence into Mandarin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021141813/http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-02/15/c_122703615.htm|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-language.gov.cn/8/2007_6_20/1_8_2587_0_1182320493406.html|publisher=Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法 The National Lingua Franca and Orthography Act-- People's Republic of China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518184404/http://www.china-language.gov.cn/8/2007_6_20/1_8_2587_0_1182320493406.html|archive-date=18 May 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> However, in recent years multilingualism has been on the rise as descendants of immigrants of out-of-province Mandarin native speakers have begun to assimilate into the local culture through friends, television and other media.<ref name="He-2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/694607/trendy-shenzhen-teenagers-spearhead-cantonese-revival|title=Trendy Shenzhen teenagers spearhead Cantonese revival|last=He|first=Huifeng|work=South China Morning Post|date=6 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104224400/http://www.scmp.com/article/694607/trendy-shenzhen-teenagers-spearhead-cantonese-revival|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> Despite the ubiquity of Mandarin Chinese, according to the [[South China Morning Post|''SCMP'']], some Shenzhen residents, Cantonese and non-Cantonese alike, have attempted to revive the Cantonese language as part of Shenzhen's culture.<ref name="He-2014" />