Editing Shanghai (section)

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Shanghai}}

{{Historical population
| source = [[Census in China]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=China County Map with 2000-201o Population Census Data |url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |website=dataverse.harvard.edu |date=2020 |doi=10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |access-date=6 January 2024 |author1=China Data Lab |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106191117/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[1953 Chinese census|1953]] | 5258210
|[[1964 Chinese census|1964]] | 6423017
|[[1982 Chinese census|1982]] | 6320829
|[[1990 Chinese census|1990]] | 8348299
|[[2000 Chinese census|2000]] | 14489919
|[[2010 Chinese census|2010]] | 20555098
|[[2020 Chinese census|2020]] | 22209380
|align = right
}}

{{As of|2023||df=US}}, Shanghai had a total population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%) [[hukou]] holders (registered locally).<ref name="SHECO2019" /> {{As of|2022||df=US}}, 89.3% of Shanghai's population live in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.<ref name="data2022">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|date=1 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behind [[Chongqing]], but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.<ref name="chan_paper">{{cite journal |last = Chan |first = Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=[[Eurasian Geography and Economics]] |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url = http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2013 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383|s2cid = 153676671}} p. 395</ref> According to the [[OECD]], Shanghai's [[metropolitan area]] has an estimated population of 34 million.<ref name="OECD">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|title=A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises|last1=Justina|first1=Crabtree|date=20 September 2016|publisher=CNBC|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044105/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>

According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans and 20,800 Koreans.<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.11">{{cite web|url = http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm|title = 2.11 RESIDENT FOREIGNERS IN SHANGHAI IN MAIN YEARS|website = stats-sh.gov.cn|publisher = Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|access-date = 1 September 2019|archive-date = 22 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185612/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.<ref>{{cite web |title = Shanghai Population 2015 – World Population Review |url = http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |website = worldpopulationreview.com |access-date = 23 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124061733/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |archive-date = 24 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.<ref name="SHECO2019" />

Shanghai has a [[life expectancy]] of 83.18 years for the city's registered population,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm|script-title=zh:上海户籍人口人均期望寿命83.63岁，女性超86岁|work=[[Xinhua News]]|language=zh-cn|date=14 February 2019|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822020543/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm|archive-date=22 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> the highest life expectancy of [[List of cities in China by life expectancy|all cities in mainland China]]. This has also caused the city to [[Aging of China|experience population aging]]—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai|title=China's radical plan to limit the populations of Beijing and Shanghai|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=19 March 2018|work=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171520/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai|archive-date=9 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{hatnote|Main article on Chinese Wikipedia: {{lang|zh|[[:zh:上海宗教|上海宗教]]}}}}
{{see also|Religion in China}}

[[File:Shanghai, China (Unsplash 8T9p4FDu590).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Bird's-eye view of the golden [[pagoda]] of [[Jing'an Temple]]]]
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including [[Buddhists]] with 10.4%, [[Protestants]] with 1.9%, [[Catholics]] with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be either [[atheist]]s or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities and ancestors]] or [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]].<ref name="CFPS2012">{{cite web |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |trans-title=China Family Panel Studies 2012 |script-title=zh:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |page=13 |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Shanghai (2012):

|label1 = Chinese folk religion, or atheist
|value1 = 87.46
|color1 = #C00000
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]
|value2 = 10.30
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 1.88
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 0.36
|color4 = Green
}}
Buddhism, in its [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese varieties]], has had a presence in Shanghai since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, during which the [[Longhua Temple]]—the largest temple in Shanghai—and the [[Jing'an Temple]] were founded.<ref name="Buddhism">{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|script-title=zh:上海市佛教概况|trans-title=An overview of Buddhism in Shanghai|date=29 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another significant temple is the [[Jade Buddha Temple]], which was named after a large statue of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] carved out of [[jade]] in the temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node75195/node75200/node75234/node75246/userobject1ai90985.html|script-title=zh:第一节 玉佛寺|trans-title=Chapter One: Jade Buddha Temple|date=21 March 2007|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041827/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node75195/node75200/node75234/node75246/userobject1ai90985.html|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 [[Clergy#Buddhism|clergical staff]], and 453,300 registered followers.<ref name="Buddhism" /> The religion also has its own college, the {{ill|Shanghai Buddhist College|lt=|zh|上海佛学院}}, and its own press, {{ill|Shanghai Buddhological Press|lt=|zh|上海佛学书局}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041826/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海宗教简介|trans-title=Brief introduction to the religions in Shanghai|date=25 December 2014|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}}</ref>
[[File:Photo of St. Ignatius Cathedral, Shanghai 圣依纳爵主教座堂.jpg|thumb|170px|The [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]]]]
Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionary [[Lazzaro Cattaneo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|script-title=zh:上海天主教概况|trans-title=An overview of Catholicism in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041853/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Apostolic Vicariate]] of Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|Diocese of Shanghai]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|script-title=zh:天主教上海教区|trans-title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable Catholic sites include the [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]] in Xujiahui—the largest Catholic church in the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|script-title=zh:徐家汇天主教堂|trans-title=Xujiahui Catholic Church|date=6 May 2018|access-date=24 October 2019|publisher=[[Xuhui District]] People's Government|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001015/http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[St. Francis Xavier Church (Shanghai)|St. Francis Xavier Church]], and the [[She Shan Basilica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/churches.htm|title=Famous Churches in Shanghai|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Travel China Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/churches.htm|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other forms of [[Christianity in Shanghai]] include [[Eastern Orthodox]] minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The Protestant [[All Saints Church, Shanghai|All Saints Church]] in [[Huangpu, Shanghai|Huangpu]] was built in 1925 and features a [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Neo-Romanesque]] tower. Shanghai has long had the highest concentration of urban [[Catholic Church in China|Catholics in China]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariani |first=Paul P. |date=2016 |title=The Four Catholic Bishops of Shanghai: "Underground" and "Patriotic" Church Competition and Sino–Vatican Relations in Reform-Era China |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24708489 |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=38–56 |doi=10.1093/jcs/csu078 |jstor=24708489 |issn=0021-969X}}</ref>{{Rp|page=38}}

Although currently making up a fraction of the religious population in Shanghai, Jewish people have played an influential role in the city's history. After the [[Treaty of Nanking]] ended the [[First Opium War]] in 1842, the city was opened up to western populations and merchants traveled to Shanghai for its rich business potential, including many prominent Jewish families. The [[Sassoon family|Sassoon]]s amassed great wealth in the opium and textile trades, cementing their status by funding many of the buildings that have become iconic in Shanghai's skyline, such as the Cathay Hotel in 1929.<ref name="ShanghaiJews">{{cite web |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295 |title=The Jews of Shanghai |work=The JC |last=Parker |first=Rupert |date=15 December 2019 |access-date=30 June 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125801/https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295}}</ref> The [[Hardoon]]s were another prominent Baghdadi Jewish family that used their business success to define Shanghai in the 20th century. The head of the family, Silas Hardoon, one of the richest people in the world during the 1800s, financed [[Nanjing Road]], which then housed departmental stores in the International Settlement, that is now one of the busiest shopping centers in the world.<ref name="ShanghaiJews" />

During [[World War II]], thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai in an effort to flee [[Nazi Germany]]. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which is now the [[Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|title=Jewish Refugees Museum : Ohel Moishe Synagogue Shanghai|work=Visions of Travel|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-date=10 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195934/http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1939, Horace [[Kadoorie]], the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai when the time came.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |title=Harry Fiedler and other students wave Zionist flags during a celebration at the Kadoorie School. |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070458/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Islam]] came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, [[Songjiang Mosque]], was built during the Zhizheng ({{lang|zh|至正}}) era under [[Toghon Temür|Emperor Huizong]] (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's [[Muslim]] population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the [[Xiaotaoyuan Mosque]], the [[Huxi Mosque]], and the [[Pudong Mosque]]—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海市伊斯兰教概|trans-title=An overview of Islam in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}}</ref> According to the sixth [[Census in China|census of China]] in 2010, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai, compared from 20,000 in 1949 and 7,000 in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim in Shanghai: Muslim Population, Market, Restaurant, Mosques |url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.topchinatravel.com |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103010301/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, the [[Dajing Ge Pavilion]] dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general [[Guan Yu]], the [[Confucian Temple of Shanghai]], and a major Taoist center {{ill|Shanghai White Cloud Temple|lt=|zh|海上白云观}} where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|script-title=zh:海上道教名观：白云观|trans-title=Shanghai's famous taoism temple: Shanghai White Cloud Temple|date=27 October 2009|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204742/http://shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Language===
{{main|Shanghainese}}
{{bar box
| float = right
| title = Ability to speak the following dialects/languages in Shanghai (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html|script-title=zh:上海市民语言应用能力调查. |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics|date=7 February 2014|access-date=5 May 2024|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505100756/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html|archive-date=5 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
| left1 = Languages
| right1 = %
| right2 = Can Speak
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]|#CC2222|97.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Shanghainese]]|Gold|81.4}}
{{bar percent|[[English language|English]]|Yellow|47.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Varieties of Chinese|Other Chinese]]|YellowGreen|29.7}}
{{bar percent|Other foreign languages|CadetBlue|7.8}}
| caption = <small>[[Survey sampling|Sampled]] among residents ≥ 13 years old.</small>
}}

The [[vernacular]] language spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of the [[Taihu Wu]] subgroup of the [[Wu Chinese]] language family. This is different from the national language, [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages|title=Chinese languages|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220025100/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notably [[Suzhou dialect|Suzhounese]], and [[Ningbo dialect|Ningbonese]]<ref name="CZMShanghainese">{{cite web|url=http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc|script-title=zh:上海市区话语音一百多年来的演变|trans-title=Changes in the downtown Shanghainese pronunciations in the past one hundred years|page=1|last=Chen|first=Zhongmin|access-date=24 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820235310/http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc|archive-date=20 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken around [[Jiaxing]] and later [[Suzhou]],<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> and was known as "the local tongue" ({{lang|zh-Hans|本地閑話}}), a name which is now used in suburbs only.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722|script-title=zh:“上海闲话”和“本地闲话”为何差别这么大?|work=Shanghai Observer|last=You|first=Rujie|date=16 October 2018|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411210922/https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese ({{lang|zh-Hans|市區閑話}} or simply {{lang|zh-Hans|上海閑話}}) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing Suzhounese as the [[prestige dialect]] of the [[Yangtze River Delta]] region. At the time, most of the immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) has also had a great impact on Shanghainese as a result of being rigorously promoted by the government.<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region have come to Shanghai for education and jobs. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Putonghua (Mandarin) as a [[lingua franca]]. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is Shanghai's local dialect, and culture, in crisis?|author=Zat Liu|url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262|newspaper=CNN GO|date=20 August 2010|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903072555/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262|archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stopping the local dialect becoming derelict|author=Jia Feishang|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml|newspaper=[[Shanghai Daily]]|date=13 May 2011|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091106/http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>