Editing Scientific Revolution (section)

===Telescopes===
[[Refracting telescope]]s first appeared in the Netherlands in 1608, apparently the product of spectacle makers experimenting with lenses. The inventor is unknown, but [[Hans Lipperhey]] applied for the first patent, followed by [[Jacob Metius]] of [[Alkmaar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html |title=galileo.rice.edu ''The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope'' by Al Van Helden "The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans Lipperhey of Middelburg, and then of Jacob Metius of Alkmaar... another citizen of Middelburg, Sacharias Janssen had a telescope at about the same time but was at the Frankfurt Fair where he tried to sell it" |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623033108/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Galileo was one of the first scientists to use this tool for his astronomical observations in 1609.<ref>{{cite book|author=Loker, Aleck|title=Profiles in Colonial History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq1rd1ecFCYC&pg=PA15|date=2008|publisher=Aleck Loker|isbn=978-1-928874-16-4|pages=15–|access-date=7 November 2015|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102074055/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq1rd1ecFCYC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[reflecting telescope]] was described by [[James Gregory (mathematician)|James Gregory]] in his book ''Optica Promota'' (1663). He argued that a mirror shaped like the part of a [[conic section]], would correct the [[spherical aberration]] that flawed the accuracy of refracting telescopes. His design, the "[[Gregorian telescope]]", however, remained un-built.

In 1666, Newton argued that the faults of the refracting telescope were fundamental because the lens refracted light of different colors differently. He concluded that light could not be refracted through a lens without causing [[chromatic aberration]]s.<ref>Newton, Isaac. ''Optics'', bk. i. pt. ii. prop. 3</ref> From these experiments Newton concluded that no improvement could be made in the refracting telescope.<ref>''Treatise on Optics'', p. 112</ref> However, he was able to demonstrate that the angle of reflection remained the same for all colors, so he decided to build a [[Newton's reflector|reflecting telescope]].<ref>{{cite book|author=White, Michael |title=Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2C3NV38tM0C&pg=PA170|year=1999|publisher=Perseus Books|isbn=978-0-7382-0143-6|page=170}}</ref> It was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope.<ref name="mymathdone.com">Hall, Alfred Rupert. [http://www.mymathdone.com/isaac-newton-adventurer-in-thought/ ''Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140618125253/http://www.mymathdone.com/isaac-newton-adventurer-in-thought/ |date=18 June 2014 }}. p. 67</ref> 50 years later, Hadley developed ways to make precision aspheric and [[Parabolic reflector|parabolic]] [[Objective (optics)|objective]] mirrors for reflecting telescopes, building the first parabolic Newtonian telescope and a Gregorian telescope with accurately shaped mirrors.<ref>{{cite book|author=King, Henry C.  |title=The History of the Telescope |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA77 |date= 2003 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-43265-6 |pages=77–}}</ref><ref>[http://www.telescope-optics.net/two-mirror.htm telescopeѲptics.net – 8.2. Two-mirror telescopes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225070614/https://www.telescope-optics.net/two-mirror.htm |date=25 February 2021 }}. Telescope-optics.net. Retrieved on 26 September 2011.</ref> These were successfully demonstrated to the Royal Society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations//groundup/lesson/scopes/hadley/index.php |title=Hadley's Reflector |publisher=amazing-space.stsci.edu |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526002533/http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations//groundup/lesson/scopes/hadley/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>