Editing Rosa Luxemburg (section)

== Body identification controversy ==
[[File:Grab liebknecht luxemburg.jpg|thumb|1919 photo of the graves of Luxemburg and [[Karl Liebknecht]]]]
[[File:Berlin Friedrichsfelde Zentralfriedhof, Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten (Rondell) - Luxemburg.jpg|thumb|Grave of Rosa Luxemburg in Berlin]]
On 29 May 2009, ''Spiegel Online'', the internet branch of the news magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', reported the recently considered possibility that someone else's remains had mistakenly been identified as Luxemburg's and buried as hers.<ref name="Der Spiegel"/>

The [[Forensic pathology|forensic pathologist]] Michael Tsokos, head of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences at the Berlin Charité, discovered a preserved corpse lacking head, feet, or hands in the cellar of the Charité's medical history museum. He found the corpse's autopsy report suspicious and decided to perform a [[CT scan]] on the remains. The body showed signs of having been waterlogged at some point and the scans showed that it was the body of a woman of 40–50 years of age who suffered from [[osteoarthritis]] and had legs of differing length, as Luxemburg had. A laboratory in [[Kiel]] also tested the corpse using [[radiocarbon dating]] techniques and confirmed that it dated from the same period as Luxemburg's murder.

The original [[autopsy]], performed on 13 June 1919 on the body that was eventually buried at [[Friedrichsfelde]], showed certain inconsistencies that supported Tsokos' hypothesis. The autopsy explicitly noted an absence of hip damage and stated that there was no evidence that the legs were of different lengths. Additionally, the autopsy showed no traces on the upper skull of the two blows by rifle butt inflicted upon Luxemburg. Finally, while the 1919 examiners noted a hole in the corpse's head between the left eye and ear, they did not find an exit wound or the presence of a bullet within the skull.

Assistant pathologist Paul Fraenckel appeared to doubt at the time that the corpse he had examined was Luxemburg's and in a signed addendum distanced himself from his colleague's conclusions. This addendum and the inconsistencies between the autopsy report and the known facts persuaded Tsokos to examine the remains more closely. According to eyewitnesses, when Luxemburg's body was thrown into the canal, weights were wired to her ankles and wrists. These could have slowly severed her extremities in the months her corpse spent in the water which would explain the missing hands and feet issue.<ref name="Der Spiegel"/>

Tsokos realised that [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] was the best way to confirm or deny the identity of the body as Luxemburg's. His team had initially hoped to find traces of the [[DNA]] on old postage stamps that Luxemburg had licked, but it transpired that Luxemburg had never done this, preferring to moisten stamps with a damp cloth. The examiners decided to look for a surviving blood relative and in July 2009 the German Sunday newspaper ''[[Bild|Bild am Sonntag]]'' reported that a great-niece of Luxemburg had been located{{snd}}a 79-year-old woman named Irene Borde. She donated strands of her hair for DNA comparison.<ref>{{cite news|title=DNA of Great-Niece May Help Identify Headless Corpse|publisher=SpiegelOnline|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,637385,00.html|date=21 July 2009|access-date=21 July 2009|newspaper=Spiegel Online}}</ref>

In December 2009, Berlin authorities seized the corpse to perform an autopsy before burying it in Luxemburg's grave.<ref>{{cite news|title=Berlin Authorities Seize Corpse for Pre-Burial Autopsy|publisher=SpiegelOnline|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,667606,00.html|date=17 December 2009|access-date=17 December 2009|newspaper=Spiegel Online}}</ref> The Berlin Public Prosecutor's office announced in late December 2009 that while there were indications that the corpse was Luxemburg's, there was not enough evidence to provide conclusive proof. In particular, DNA extracted from the hair of Luxemburg's niece did not match that belonging to the cadaver. Tsokos had earlier said that the chances of a match were only 40%. The remains were to be buried at an undisclosed location while testing was to continue on tissue samples.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosa Luxemburg "floater" released for burial after 90 years|publisher=Salon.com|work=Lost in Berlin|url=http://open.salon.com/blog/lost_in_berlin/2009/12/30/rosa_luxemburg_floater_released_for_burial_after_90_years|date=30 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173814/http://open.salon.com/blog/lost_in_berlin/2009/12/30/rosa_luxemburg_floater_released_for_burial_after_90_years|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>