Editing Ritual (section)

====Rebellion====
While most Functionalists sought to link ritual to the maintenance of social order, South African [[Functionalism (sociology)|functionalist]] anthropologist [[Max Gluckman]] coined the phrase "rituals of rebellion" to describe a type of ritual in which the accepted social order was symbolically turned on its head. Gluckman argued that the ritual was an expression of underlying social tensions (an idea taken up by [[Victor W. Turner|Victor Turner]]), and that it functioned as an institutional pressure valve, relieving those tensions through these cyclical performances. The rites ultimately functioned to reinforce social order, insofar as they allowed those tensions to be expressed without leading to actual rebellion. [[Carnival of Venice|Carnival]] is viewed in the same light. He observed, for example, how the first-fruits festival (''[[incwala]]'') of the South African [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] kingdom of [[Swaziland]] symbolically inverted the normal social order, so that the king was publicly insulted, women asserted their domination over men, and the established authority of elders over the young was turned upside down.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gluckman|first=Max|title=Order and Rebellion in South East Africa: Collected Essays|year=1963|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|location=London}}</ref>