Editing Reconquista (section)

== Infighting ==
=== Christian infighting ===
Clashes and raids on bordering Andalusian lands did not keep the Christian kingdoms from battling among themselves or allying with Muslim kings.<ref name="Keefe"/> Some Muslim kings had Christian-born wives or mothers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Some Christian mercenaries, like [[El Cid]], were contracted by [[taifa]] kings to fight against their neighbours.<ref name="Keefe"/> Indeed, El Cid's first battle experience was gained fighting for a Muslim state against a Christian state.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022|reason=Which battle is this? If it's Graus, was he in service of Castile or Zaragoza? What about the 1057 Castilian siege of Zaragoza?}} At the [[Battle of Graus]] in 1063, he and other Castilians fought on the side of [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir|al-Muqtadir]], Muslim [[sultan]] of [[Zaragoza]], against the forces of [[Ramiro I of Aragon]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022 |reason=Was he in service of Castile or Zaragoza?}} There is even an instance of a crusade being declared against another Christian king in Hispania.<ref name="O'Callaghan201362">Joseph O'Callaghan (2003). ''Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain'', Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press. p.&nbsp;62.</ref> Although Christian rulers [[Fernán González of Castile]] and [[Ramiro II of León]] had cooperated to defeat the Muslims at the [[Battle of Simancas]] (939), Fernán attacked Ramiro soon after and the Leonese–Castilian war that followed lasted until Ramiro's victory in 944.<ref name="Whitney">{{Cite book |last1=Whitney |first1=James Pounder |editor-last1=Gwatkin |editor-first1=Henry Melvill |date=1922 |title=The Cambridge Medieval History: Maps III. Germany and the Western Empire. 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exuwlXT-ys0C&pg=PT338 |location= |publisher=Plantagenet Publishing |page=338 |isbn=978-0521045346 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> Ramiro II's death caused the war of the Leonese succession (951–956) between his sons, and the winner [[Ordoño III of León]] concluded peace with caliph [[Abd al-Rahman III]] of Córdoba.<ref name="Whitney"/>
[[File:Map Iberian Peninsula 1037-en.svg|thumb|300px|A map of Christian realms in the north and Islamic ''taifas'' in the south (1037). During the ''Reconquista'', the Iberian states not only fought along religious lines, but also amongst themselves and internally, especially during [[war of succession|wars of succession]] and clan feuds.]]
After the defeat of [[Alfonso VIII]], King of Castile, at [[Battle of Alarcos|Alarcos]], Kings [[Alfonso IX]] of Leon and [[Sancho VII]] of Navarre entered an alliance with the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]] and invaded Castile in 1196.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} By the end of the year Sancho VII had dropped out of the war under Papal pressure. Early in 1197, at the request of [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho I]], King of Portugal, Pope [[Celestine III]] declared a crusade against Alfonso IX and released his subjects from their responsibilities to the king, declaring that "the men of his realm shall be absolved from their fidelity and his dominion by authority of the apostolic see."<ref name="O'Callaghan2013" /> Together the Kings of Portugal, Castile, and [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] invaded Leon. In the face of this onslaught combined with pressure from the Pope, Alfonso IX was finally forced to sue for peace in October 1197.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In the late years of ''al-Andalus'', Castile had the might to conquer the remnants of the kingdom of [[Granada]], but the kings preferred to wait and claim the tribute of the Muslim ''[[parias]]''. The trade of Granadan goods and the parias were a major means by which African gold entered [[medieval Europe]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

=== Muslim infighting ===
Similarly, there was frequent Muslim infighting throughout the existence of al-Andalus. The [[Abbasid Revolution]] (747–750) divided Muslim rulers in Iberia into the pro-[[Abbasid Caliphate]] faction (based in [[Baghdad]]) and the pro-[[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad faction]] (reconstituted as the [[Emirate of Córdoba]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Ullidtz |first=Per |date=2014 |title=1016: The Danish Conquest of England |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-87-7145-720-9 |url={{GBurl|kXGaAwAAQBAJ|page=132}} |page=132}}</ref> [[Charlemagne]]'s failed [[Abbasid-Carolingian Alliance#Military alliance in Spain (777–778)|778 campaign into Iberia]] was prompted by the invitation of the pro-Abbasid governor of Barcelona, [[Sulayman al-Arabi]], which led to a brief [[Abbasid-Carolingian Alliance]] against the Umayyads.{{sfn|Ullidtz|2014|p=132}} During the [[Fitna of al-Andalus]] (1009–1031), the Umayyad-run [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] fell apart into rival [[taifa]]s headed by Islamic emirs warring each other.<ref>{{cite book|title=Europe and the Islamic World: A History|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University press|last=Tolan|first=John|place=Princeton|pages= 39–40}}</ref> After the Christian king of Castile and León [[History of Toledo, Spain#Medieval Toledo after the Reconquest|conquered Toledo]] in 1085, the emirs requested [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], leader of the strict Islamic [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] sect, to come to their defence, which he did at the [[Battle of Sagrajas]] (1086). However, Yusuf soon turned on the Muslim emirs of Spain, defeating them all and conquering their lands by 1091.<ref>''Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia'' (1993–2002) s.v. "Almoraviden §2. Verbreiding". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref> A similar scenario occurred in 1147–1157, when the Almoravid dynasty fell, a [[Second Taifas period]] happened, and the Muslim-controlled cities of al-Andalus were conquered by the new [[Almohad Caliphate]].<ref>''Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia'' (1993–2002) s.v. "Almohaden §2. Machtsuitbreiding". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref> The [[Nasrid dynasty#Conflicts of succession and civil war|War of the Granada succession]] (1482–1492) took place after the deposition of emir [[Abu'l-Hasan Ali of Granada]] by his son [[Muhammad XII of Granada]]; the deposed emir's brother [[Muhammad XIII of Granada]] also joined the fight. This succession conflict took place simultaneously with the [[Granada War]], and was ended only by the Castilian conquest in 1492.<ref>''Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia'' (1993–2002) s.v. "Boabdil". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref>