Editing Punk rock (section)

===Alternative rock===
{{Main|Alternative rock}}
[[File:Dave Grohl 1989.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A drummer, Dave Grohl, is playing drumkit. He is not wearing a shirt and his long hair is wet.|[[Dave Grohl]], later of [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], in 1989]] 
The underground punk rock movement inspired countless bands that either evolved from a punk rock sound or brought its outsider spirit to very different kinds of music. The original punk explosion also had a long-term effect on the music industry, spurring the growth of the independent sector.<ref>Laing (1985), pp. 118, 128.</ref> During the early 1980s, British bands like [[New Order (band)|New Order]] and the Cure that straddled the lines of post-punk and new wave developed both new musical styles and a distinctive industrial niche. Though commercially successful over an extended period, they maintained an underground-style, [[subculture|subcultural]] identity.<ref>Goodlad and Bibby (2007), p. 16.</ref> In the United States, bands such as Hüsker Dü and their Minneapolis protégés [[The Replacements (band)|the Replacements]] bridged the gap between punk rock genres like hardcore and the more melodic, explorative realm of what was then called "[[college rock]]".<ref>Azerrad (2001), passim; for relationship of Hüsker Dü and the Replacements, see pp. 205–6.</ref>
 
In 1985, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' declared that "Primal punk is passé. The best of the American punk rockers have moved on. They have learned how to play their instruments. They have discovered melody, guitar solos and lyrics that are more than shouted political slogans. Some of them have even discovered the [[Grateful Dead]]."<ref>[http://www.thirdav.com/zinestuff/rs452.html Goldberg, Michael, "Punk Lives"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506143545/http://www.thirdav.com/zinestuff/rs452.html|date=May 6, 2008}}, ''Rolling Stone'', July 18 – August 1, 1985.</ref> By the mid-to-late 1980s, these bands, who had largely eclipsed their punk rock and post-punk forebears in popularity, were classified broadly as [[alternative rock]]. Alternative rock encompasses a diverse set of styles—including [[indie rock]], [[gothic rock]], [[dream pop]], [[shoegazing|shoegaze]], and [[grunge]], among others—unified by their debt to punk rock and their origins outside of the musical mainstream.<ref name="Erlewine">{{cite news |author=Erlewine, Stephen Thomas |date=September 23, 2011 |title=American Alternative Rock/Post-Punk |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/23/showbiz/music/nirvana-nevermind/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005827/http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/23/showbiz/music/nirvana-nevermind/index.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=2011-11-07 |website=AllMusic}}</ref>

As American alternative bands like [[Sonic Youth]], which had grown out of the "no-wave" scene, and Boston's [[Pixies (band)|Pixies]] started to gain larger audiences, major labels sought to capitalize on the underground market.<ref>Friedlander and Miller (2006), pp. 256, 278.</ref> In 1991, [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] emerged from Washington State's underground, DIY grunge scene; after recording their first album, ''[[Bleach (Nirvana album)|Bleach]]'' in 1989 for about $600, the band achieved huge (and unexpected) commercial success with its second album, ''[[Nevermind]]''. The band's members cited punk rock as a key influence on their style.<ref>[http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/691:1872/1/Kurt_Donald_Cobain.htm "Kurt Donald Cobain"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112223901/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/691%3A1872/1/Kurt_Donald_Cobain.htm|date=November 12, 2006}}, Biography Channel. Retrieved on November 19, 2006.</ref> "Punk is musical freedom", wrote frontman [[Kurt Cobain]]. "It's saying, doing, and playing what you want."<ref>Quoted in St. Thomas (2004), p. 94.</ref> Nirvana's success opened the door to mainstream popularity for a wide range of other "left-of-the-dial" acts, such as [[Pearl Jam]] and [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], and fueled the alternative rock boom of the early and mid-1990s.<ref name="Erlewine" /><ref>{{cite news |author=Morgenstein, Mark |date=September 23, 2011 |title='Nevermind,' Never Again? |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/23/showbiz/music/nirvana-nevermind/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005827/http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/23/showbiz/music/nirvana-nevermind/index.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=2011-10-27 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>