Editing Pulp Fiction (section)

=== Notable motifs ===

==== The mysterious 666 briefcase ====
{{multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 200
| image1    = PulpFictionCase.jpg
| caption1  =Vincent "stares&nbsp;... transfixed" into the glowing case, as specified in Tarantino's screenplay.{{sfn|Tarantino|1994|p=28}}

| image2    = KissMeDeadlyPandora.jpg
| caption2  = Vincent's demeanor reinforces the allusion to the scene in ''[[Kiss Me Deadly]]'' (1955) in which Lily Carver, a.k.a. Gabrielle ([[Gaby Rodgers]]), gazes into the glowing case.{{sfn|Gallafent|2006|p=46}}}}

The combination of the mysterious suitcase lock is 666, the "[[Number of the beast|Number of the Beast]]". Tarantino has said there is no explanation for its contents&nbsp;– it is simply a [[MacGuffin]], a pure [[plot device]]. Originally, the case was to contain diamonds, but this was seen as too mundane. For filming purposes, it contained a hidden orange light bulb that produced an otherworldly glow when the case was opened.<ref>{{cite web|title=What's In the Briefcase?|url=http://www.snopes.com/movies/films/pulp.htm|website=Snopes.com|date=2007-08-17|access-date=2007-09-13|archive-date=May 18, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180518145158/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/whats-in-the-briefcase/|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2007 video interview with fellow director and friend [[Robert Rodriguez]], Tarantino purportedly "reveals" the secret contents of the briefcase, but the film cuts out and skips the scene in the style employed in Tarantino and Rodriguez's ''[[Grindhouse (film)|Grindhouse]]'' (2007), with an intertitle that reads "Missing Reel". The interview resumes with Rodriguez discussing how radically the "knowledge" of the briefcase's contents alters one's understanding of the movie.<ref name="Myspace">{{cite web|title=Rodriguez and Tarantino: Artist On Artist|url=http://creative.myspace.com/groups/_mh/aoa/pages/qtarantino_rrodriguez/qtarantino_rrodriguez.html|website=MySpace.com|date=April 6, 2007|access-date=2007-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120090140/http://creative.myspace.com/groups/_mh/aoa/pages/qtarantino_rrodriguez/qtarantino_rrodriguez.html|archive-date=January 20, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite Tarantino's statements, many solutions to what one scholar calls this "unexplained postmodern puzzle" have been proposed.{{sfn|Real|1996|p=259}} A strong similarity has often been observed with [[Robert Aldrich]]'s 1955 [[film noir]] ''[[Kiss Me Deadly]]'', which features a glowing briefcase housing an atomic explosive.{{sfn|Groth|1997|p=188}}{{sfn|Polan|2000|p=20}}<ref>{{cite web|title=What's in the Briefcase in ''Pulp Fiction''?|url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mpulpfiction.html|website=The Straight Dope|date=2000-05-31|access-date=2007-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120192104/http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mpulpfiction.html|archive-date=November 20, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In their review of [[Alex Cox]]'s 1984 film ''[[Repo Man (film)|Repo Man]]'' in ''The Daily Telegraph'', Nick Cowen and Hari Patience suggest that ''Pulp Fiction'' may also owe "a debt of inspiration" to the glowing car trunk in that film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/wheelsonfilm/2753942/Wheels-On-Film-Repo-Man.html|title=Wheels on Film: Repo Man|date=Aug 16, 2008|first1=Nick |last1=Cowen|first2=Hari |last2=Patience|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=2012-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111607/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/wheelsonfilm/2753942/Wheels-On-Film-Repo-Man.html|archive-date=August 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In scholar Paul Gormley's view, this connection with ''Kiss Me Deadly'', and a similar one with ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981), makes it possible to read the eerie glow as symbolic of violence itself.{{sfn|Gormley|2005|p=164}} The idea that the briefcase contains Marsellus's soul gained popular currency in the mid-1990s. Analyzing the notion, [[Roger Ebert]] dismissed it as "nothing more than a widely distributed urban legend given false credibility by the mystique of the Net".{{sfn|Ebert|1997|p=188}}

==== Jules' Bible passage ====
Jules ritually recites what he describes as a biblical passage, [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] 25:17, before he executes someone. The passage is heard three times&nbsp;– in the introductory sequence in which Jules and Vincent reclaim Marsellus's briefcase from the doomed Brett; that same recitation a second time, at the beginning of "The Bonnie Situation", which overlaps the end of the earlier sequence; and in the epilogue at the diner. The first version of the passage is as follows:

<blockquote>The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the inequities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who in the name of charity and goodwill shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness, for he is truly his brother's keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will strike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger those who attempt to poison and destroy My brothers. And you will know My name is the Lord when I lay My vengeance upon thee.</blockquote>

The second version, from the diner scene, is identical except for the final line: "And you will know I am the Lord when I lay My vengeance upon you."

{{listen|filename=End of Ezekiel.ogg|title="And I will strike down&nbsp;..."| description= Conclusion of the "Ezekiel 25:17" monologue and Brett's murder}}

While the final two sentences of Jules's speech are similar to the actual cited passage, the first two are fabricated from various biblical phrases.{{sfn|Reinhartz|2003|p=108}} The text of Ezekiel 25 preceding verse 17 indicates that God's wrath is retribution for the hostility of the [[Philistines]]. In the [[King James Version]] from which Jules's speech is adapted, Ezekiel 25:17 reads in its entirety:

<blockquote>And I will execute great vengeance upon them with furious rebukes; and they shall know that I ''am'' the LORD, when I shall lay My vengeance upon them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/108/26/25.html|title=The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, 25|work=The Holy Bible: King James Version|via=Bartleby|access-date=2007-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131052531/http://www.bartleby.com/108/26/25.html|archive-date=January 31, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

Tarantino's primary inspiration for the speech was the work of Japanese [[martial arts film|martial arts]] star [[Sonny Chiba]]. Its text and its identification as Ezekiel 25:17 derive from an almost identical creed that appears at the beginning of the Chiba movie ''[[Karate Kiba]]'' (''The Bodyguard''; 1976), where it is both shown as a scrolling text and read by an offscreen narrator.{{sfn|Thomas|2003|loc=pp. 61–62: Thomas notes that instead of "the Lord", this version reads "...&nbsp;and they shall know that I am Chiba the Bodyguard&nbsp;..."}}{{sfn|Conard|2006|loc=p. 134: Conard claims that the text originates from the film ''Bodigaado Kiba'' (''Bodyguard Kiba'' or ''The Bodyguard''; 1973) and that the end phrase there is "And you will know my name is Chiba the Bodyguard&nbsp;..."}}

The version seen at the beginning of ''The Bodyguard'' (1976) is as follows:

<blockquote>The path of the righteous man and defender is beset on all sides by the inequity of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he, who in the name of charity and good will, shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness, for he is truly his brother's keeper, and the father of lost children. And I will execute great vengeance upon them with furious anger, who poison and destroy my brothers; and they shall know that I am Chiba the Bodyguard when I shall lay my vengeance upon them!</blockquote>

In the 1980s television series ''Kage no Gundan'' (''[[Shadow Warriors (TV series)|Shadow Warriors]]''), Chiba's character would lecture the villain-of-the-week about how the world must be rid of evil before killing him.<ref>Enhanced Trivia Track, ch. 4, ''Pulp Fiction'' DVD (Buena Vista Home Entertainment).</ref> A killer delivers a similar biblical rant in ''[[Modesty Blaise (novel)|Modesty Blaise]]'', the hardback but pulp-style novel Vincent is shown with in two scenes.<ref name="T25">Enhanced Trivia Track, ch. 25, ''Pulp Fiction'' DVD (Buena Vista Home Entertainment).</ref>

Two critics who have analyzed the role of the speech find different ties between Jules's transformation and the issue of [[postmodernity]]. Gormley argues that unlike the film's other major characters&nbsp;– Marsellus aside&nbsp;– Jules is:

<blockquote>
linked to a "thing" beyond postmodern simulation&nbsp;... [T]his is perhaps most marked when he moves on from being a simulation of a Baptist preacher, spouting Ezekiel because it was "just a cool thing to say&nbsp;..." In his conversion, Jules is shown to be cognizant of a place beyond this simulation, which, in this case, the film constructs as God.{{sfn|Gormley|2005|p=167}}
</blockquote>

[[Adele Reinhartz]] writes that the "depth of Jules's transformation" is indicated by the difference in his two deliveries of the passage: "In the first, he is a majestic and awe-inspiring figure, proclaiming the prophecy with fury and self-righteousness&nbsp;... In the second&nbsp;... he appears to be a different sort of man altogether&nbsp;... [I]n true postmodern fashion, [he] reflects on the meaning of his speech and provides several different ways that it might pertain to his current situation."{{sfn|Reinhartz|2003|pp=106, 107}} Similar to Gormley, Conard argues that as Jules reflects on the passage, it dawns on him "that it refers to an objective framework of value and meaning that is absent from his life"; to Conard, this contrasts with the film's prevalent representation of a nihilistic culture.{{sfn|Conard|2006|p=130}} Rosenbaum finds much less in Jules's revelation: "[T]he spiritual awakening at the end of ''Pulp Fiction'', which Jackson performs beautifully, is a piece of jive avowedly inspired by kung-fu movies. It may make you feel good, but it certainly doesn't leave you any wiser."<ref name=Profusion>{{cite news |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |title=Allusion Profusion (''Ed Wood, Pulp Fiction'') |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2022/06/allusion-profusion/ |work=[[Chicago Reader]] |date=October 21, 1994 |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-date=May 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521051042/https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2022/06/allusion-profusion/ |url-status=dead }} Note that the avowed inspiration is actually a TV show, ''Kung Fu''.</ref>

==== The bathroom ====
Much of ''Pulp Fiction''{{'}}s action revolves around characters who are either in the bathroom or need to use the toilet. To a lesser extent, Tarantino's other films also feature this narrative element.<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Mike |last2=Thompson |first2=Mike |name-list-style=amp |work=Cashiers du Cinemart |title=Tarantino in a Can? |url=http://www.impossiblefunky.com/archives/issue_2/2_toilet.asp?IshNum=2&Headline=Tarantino%20In%20The%20Can |date=Spring 1995 |access-date=2006-12-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211214336/http://www.impossiblefunky.com/archives/issue_2/2_toilet.asp?IshNum=2&Headline=Tarantino%20In%20The%20Can |archive-date=2012-02-11}}</ref> At Jack Rabbit Slim's, Mia goes to "powder her nose"&nbsp;– literally; she [[Cocaine#Insufflation|snorts coke]] in the restroom, surrounded by a bevy of women vainly primping. Butch and Fabienne play an extended scene in their motel bathroom, he in the shower, she brushing her teeth; the next morning, but just a few seconds later in screen time, she is again brushing her teeth&nbsp;– vigorously, after having given Butch "oral pleasure." As Jules and Vincent confront Brett and two of his pals, a fourth man is hiding in the bathroom&nbsp;– his actions will lead to Jules' transformative "moment of clarity". After Marvin's absurd death, Vincent and Jules wash up in Jimmie's bathroom, where they get into a contretemps over a bloody hand towel.<ref name="Den" /> When the diner holdup turns into a standoff, "Honey Bunny" whines, "I gotta go pee!"{{sfn|Fraiman|2003|p=15}}

As described by Peter and Will Brooker, "In three significant moments Vincent retires to the bathroom [and] returns to an utterly changed world where death is threatened."{{sfn|Brooker|Brooker|1996|p=239}} The threat increases in magnitude as the narrative progresses chronologically, and is realized in the third instance:

# Vincent and Jules's diner breakfast and philosophical conversation is aborted by Vincent's bathroom break; an armed robbery ensues while Vincent is reading on the toilet.
# While Vincent is in the bathroom worrying about the possibility of going too far with Marsellus's wife, Mia mistakes his heroin for cocaine, snorts it, and overdoses.
# During a stakeout at Butch's apartment, Vincent emerges from the toilet with his book and is killed by Butch.

In the Brookers' analysis, "Through Vince&nbsp;... we see the contemporary world as utterly contingent, transformed, disastrously, in the instant you are not looking."{{sfn|Brooker|Brooker|1996|p=239}} Fraiman finds it particularly significant that Vincent is reading ''Modesty Blaise'' in two of these instances. She links this fact with the traditional derisive view of women as "the archetypal consumers of pulp":

<blockquote>
Locating popular fiction in the bathroom, Tarantino reinforces its association with shit, already suggested by the dictionary meanings of "pulp" that preface the movie: moist, shapeless matter; also, lurid stories on cheap paper. What we have then is a series of damaging associations&nbsp;– pulp, women, shit&nbsp;– that taint not only male producers of mass-market fiction but also male consumers. Perched on the toilet with his book, Vincent is feminized by sitting instead of standing as well as by his trashy tastes; preoccupied by the anal, he is implicitly infantilized and homosexualized; and the seemingly inevitable result is being pulverized by Butch with a Czech M61 submachine gun. That this fate has to do with Vincent's reading habits is strongly suggested by a slow tilt from the book on the floor directly up to the corpse spilled into the tub.{{sfn|Fraiman|2003|loc=p. 14: Fraiman's identification of the submachine gun as a [[Škorpion|Czech M61]] matches the description in the screenplay: Tarantino (1994), p. 96. Visual evidence suggests that a different gun was actually used in the film, possibly a [[MAC-10]] or similar model}}
</blockquote>

Willis reads ''Pulp Fiction'' in almost precisely the opposite direction, finding "its overarching project as a drive to turn shit into gold. This is one way of describing the project of redeeming and recycling popular culture, especially the popular culture of one's childhood, as is Tarantino's wont as well as his stated aim."{{sfn|Willis|1997|p=195}} Despite that, argues Fraiman, "''Pulp Fiction'' demonstrates&nbsp;... that even an open pulpophile like Tarantino may continue to feel anxious and emasculated by his preferences."{{sfn|Fraiman|2003|p=15}}