Editing Public speaking (section)

== Women and public speaking ==

=== Australia ===
An organization called the Penguin Club of Australia was founded in [[Sydney]] in 1937 and aimed at developing women's communication skills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://speakingmadeeasy.com.au/speaking-made-easy-about-us/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Speaking Made Easy |language=en-AU}}</ref> Led by Jean Ellis, the organization spread to [[States and territories of Australia|other territories of Australia]] and current-day [[Papua New Guinea]] over time.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rutledge |first=Martha |title=Melicent Jane (Jean) Ellis (1887–1974) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ellis-melicent-jane-jean-10117 |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |access-date=2023-09-26 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}</ref> A main premise of the organization was that it was created "for women by women." They renamed to "Speaking Made Easy" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broekhof |first=Shirl |date=2020-01-25 |title=Women Enriching the Lives of Other Women |url=https://speakingmadeeasy.com.au/women-enriching-the-lives-of-other-women/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=Speaking Made Easy |language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== Great Britain ===
{{Further|Women's Social and Political Union}}
The British political activist, [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], founded the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU) on October 10, 1903.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |author=June Purvis |editor1=John Merriman |editor2=Jay Winter |date=2006 |title=Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire |volume=4 |chapter=Pankhurst, Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3446900622/GVRL?u=lincclin_pbcc&sid=GVR%20L&xid=9846016b |access-date=2020-12-13 |via=link.gale.com |language=en}}</ref> The organization was aimed towards fighting for women's right to a parliamentary vote, which only men were granted at the time.<ref>{{Citation |last=Purvis |first=June |title=Emmeline Pankhurst in the Aftermath of Suffrage, 1918–1928 |date=2013 |work=The Aftermath of Suffrage: Women, Gender, and Politics in Britain, 1918–1945 |pages=19–36 |editor-last=Gottlieb |editor-first=Julie V. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |place=London |doi=10.1057/9781137333001_2 |isbn=978-1-137-33300-1 |editor2-last=Toye |editor2-first=Richard |language=en}}</ref> Emmeline was known for being a powerful orator, who led many women to rebel through militant forms until the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914.<ref name=":3" />

=== Japan ===
[[Toshiko Kishida|Kishida Toshiko]] (1861–1901) was a female speaker during the [[Meiji era]] in [[Japan]]. In October 1883, she publicly delivered a speech entitled 'Hakoiri Musume' (Daughters Kept in Boxes) in front of approximately 600 people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Marnie |date=2006-12-01 |title=Kishida Toshiko and the Rise of the Female Speaker in Meiji Japan. |url=https://scholarworks.smith.edu/hst_facpubs/3 |journal=U.S.-Japan Women's Journal |issue=31 |pages=36–59}}</ref> Presented in Yotsu no Miya Theater in [[Kyoto]], she criticized the action of parents that shelter their daughters from the outside world. Despite her prompt arrest, Kishida demonstrated the ability of Japanese women to evoke women's issues, experiences, and liberation in public spaces, through the use of public speaking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sievers |first=Sharon L. |date=1981 |title=Feminist Criticism in Japanese Politics in the 1880s: The Experience of Kishida Toshiko |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173734 |journal=Signs |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=602–616 |doi=10.1086/493837 |jstor=3173734 |s2cid=143844577 |issn=0097-9740}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
[[File:Malala Yousafzai.jpg|thumb|[[Malala Yousafzai]], an educational activist from [[Pakistan]], speaking]]

[[Malala Yousafzai]], a public speaker born in the [[Swat District|Swat Valley]] in [[Pakistan]], is an educational activist for women and girls.<ref name=":4">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Yousafzai, Malala (1997–) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galeislam/yousafzai_malala_1997/0|access-date=2020-12-13|url-access=limited |via=Credo Reference}}</ref> After the [[Taliban]] restricted the educational rights of women in the Swat Valley, Yousafzai presented her first speech, ''How Dare the Taliban Take Away My Basic Right to Education?'', in which she protested the shutdowns of the schools.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Gale Power Search - Document - Education Meant Risking Her Life A Young Girl's Deadly Struggle to Learn|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=lincclin_pbcc&id=GALE%7CA611171418&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=6ed77c61|access-date=2020-12-13|website=go.gale.com}}</ref> She presented this speech to the press in [[Peshawar]],<ref name=":5" /> bringing more awareness to the situation in Pakistan.<ref name=":5" /> She is known for her "inspiring and passionate speech" about educational rights given at the [[United Nations]].<ref name=":4" /> She is the youngest person ever to receive the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], at the age of 17, which was awarded to her in 2014.<ref name=":4" /> Her public speaking has brought worldwide attention to the difficulties of young girls in Pakistan. She continues to advocate for educational rights for women and girls worldwide through the [[Malala Fund]],<ref name=":4" /> to help girls around the world receive 12 years of education.<ref name=":5" />

=== United States ===
During the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States, a prohibition was instituted whereby women were precluded from engaging in public discourse within the confines of the courtroom, the Senate floor, and the pulpit.<ref name="mankiller1998a">{{Cite book |last=Mankiller |first=Wilma Pearl |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618001828 |title=The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=1998 |isbn=978-0585068473 |pages=485 |url-access=registration}}</ref> It was deemed improper for a woman to be heard in a public setting. Exceptions existed for women from the [[Quakers|Quaker]] religion, allowing them to speak publicly in meetings of the church.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=O'Dea |first=Suzanne |title=From Suffrage to the Senate: America's Political Women |year=2013 |publisher=Grey House Pub. |isbn=978-1-61925-010-9}}</ref>{{Pages needed|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Franceswright.jpg|thumb|Frances Wright was an abolitionist, feminist, freethinker, and social reformer who advocated for many injustices.]]
[[Frances Wright]] was one of the first female public speakers in the United States, advocating equal education for both women and men through large audiences and the press.{{sfn|Mankiller|1998|p=31}} [[Maria Stewart]], a woman of African American descent, was also one of the first female speakers of the United States, lecturing in Boston in front of both men and women just four years after Wright, in 1832 and 1833, on educational opportunities and abolition for young girls.<ref name=":1" />{{Pages needed|date=December 2018}}

The first female agents and sisters of the [[American Anti-Slavery Society]] [[Angelina Grimké]] and [[Sarah Grimké]] created a platform for public lectures to women and conducted tours between 1837 and 1839. The sisters advocated that slavery relates to women's rights and that women need equality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizzell |first=Patricia |date=2010 |title=Chastity Warrants for Women Public Speakers in Nineteenth-Century American Fiction |journal=Rhetoric Society Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=4 |page=17 |doi=10.1080/02773945.2010.501050 |s2cid=143052545}}</ref> They came to a disagreement with churches that did not want the two speaking publicly due to them being women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bahdwar |first1=Neera |title=Sarah Grimké and Angelina Grimké Weld: Abolitionists and Feminists |url=https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/sarah-grimke-angelina-grimke-weld-abolitionists-feminists/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Future of Freedom Foundation |date=November 2017 |publisher=FFF}}</ref>