Editing Pope Pius IX (section)

==== End of the Papal States ====
[[File:St peters basilica interior drawing.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the inside of Saint Peter's Basilica in the 1870s, published by [[John Gilmary Shea]]]]

After defeating the Papal army on 18 September 1860 at the [[Battle of Castelfidardo]], and on 30 September at [[Ancona]], [[Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia]] took all the Papal territories except [[Latium]] with Rome and took the title [[King of Italy]].  Rome itself was [[Capture of Rome|invaded on 20 September 1870]] after a few-hours siege.<ref>{{cite book |first= David I.|last= Kertzer|author-link =David Kertzer|title= Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi's Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy|year= 2006|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|page=57|isbn= 0618619194}}</ref> Italy instituted the [[Law of Guarantees]] (13 May 1871) which gave the Pope the use of the Vatican but denied him sovereignty over this territory, nevertheless granting him the right to send and receive ambassadors and a budget of 3.25&nbsp;million [[Italian lira|lira]] annually. Pius IX officially rejected this offer (encyclical ''Ubi nos'', 15 May 1871), since it was a unilateral decision which did not grant the papacy international recognition and could be changed at any time by the secular parliament.

Pius IX refused to recognize the new Italian kingdom, which he denounced as an illegitimate creation of revolution. He excommunicated the nation's leaders, including King Victor Emmanuel II, whom he denounced as "forgetful of every religious principle, despising every right, trampling upon every law," whose reign over Italy was therefore "a sacrilegious usurpation."<ref>Schapiro, J. Salwyn, Ph.D., ''Modern and Contemporary European History (1815-1921)'' (Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition), p. 218</ref>