Editing Pope John XXIII (section)

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by John XXIII}}
The pope created 52 cardinals in five consistories, including his successor who would become Pope Paul VI. John XXIII decided to expand the size of the College of Cardinals beyond its limit of seventy that [[Pope Sixtus V]] established in 1586.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noonan|first=James-Charles|title=The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition|year=2012|publisher=Sterling Ethos|location=New York|isbn=978-1-40278730-0|pages=8–9}}</ref> The pope also reserved three additional cardinals "''[[in pectore]]''" in 1960 which meant he secretly named cardinals without revealing their identities. The pope died before he could reveal these names, therefore meaning that these appointments were never legitimized. John XXIII also sought to further internationalize the College of Cardinals like Pius XII attempted, while also naming the first-ever cardinals from countries such as [[Japan]] ([[Peter Doi]]) and [[Tanzania]] ([[Laurean Rugambwa]]). Unlike his predecessor, John XXIII held frequent consistories in a marked departure from Pius XII, returning to the frequency seen in the earlier 20th century.

John XXIII also issued a rule in 1962 mandating that all cardinals should be bishops; he himself ordained as bishops the twelve non-bishop cardinals in April 1962.<ref>{{cite news |work= The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/04/20/443411692.pdf |date=20 April 1962|access-date=25 October 2017 |title=Catholic Cardinals Now Are All Bishops |quote=From today therefore, perhaps for the first time in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, all Cardinals are Bishops.}}</ref>

According to a June 2007 interview, [[Loris Francesco Capovilla]] revealed that [[Francesco Lardone]] was one of the cardinals that John XXIII had reserved ''in pectore'' in 1960. According to Capovilla, Lardone's precarious position in [[Turkey]] meant that he would have to abandon his position if he were named to the cardinalate. Lardone was of the opinion that he could assist bishops in the [[Iron Curtain]] from his posting which he would be unable to do if he was relocated to accept a position in Rome. In November 1960, in preparation for the next consistory, John XXIII offered the cardinalate to Diego Venini who declined the offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#JohnXXIII|title=John XXIII (1958-1963)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|author=Salvador Miranda|date=|accessdate=18 February 2022}}</ref>