Editing Pope Clement VII (section)

=== Patronage ===
[[File:Last Judgement (Michelangelo).jpg|thumb| The Last Judgement by [[Michelangelo]], commissioned by Pope Clement VII]]
As both a cardinal and Pope, Giulio de' Medici "commissioned or supervised many of the best-known artistic undertakings of the [[cinquecento]]."<ref>{{cite journal
| last1      = Reiss
| first1     = Sheryl
| date       = 1 Jan 1991
| title      = Cardinal Giulio de'Medici's 1520 Berlin Missal and Other Works by Matteo da Milano
| url        = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272589044
| journal    = Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen
| volume     = 33
| pages      = 107–128
| doi = 10.2307/4125878
| jstor = 4125878
| access-date = 9 July 2021
}}</ref> Of those works, he's best known for Michelangelo's monumental fresco in the [[Sistine Chapel]], ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]''; [[Raphael]]'s iconic altarpiece ''[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|The Transfiguration]]''; Michelangelo's sculptures for the ''[[Medici Chapels|Medici Chapel]]'' in Florence; Raphael's architectural ''[[Villa Madama]]'' in Rome; and Michelangelo's innovative ''[[Laurentian Library]]'' in Florence.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000JHA....31..156S|bibcode = 2000JHA....31..156S|title = Michaelangelo and Copernicus: A Note on the Sistine Last Judgement|last1 = Shrimplin|first1 = Valerie|journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy|year = 2000|volume = 31|issue = 2|page = 156|doi = 10.1177/002182860003100205|s2cid = 117021124}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-viii---secolo-xvi/raffaello-sanzio--trasfigurazione.html | title=Raffaello Sanzio, the Transfiguration }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-team-art-restorers-using-bacteria-clean-michelangelos-sculptures-180977866/|title=Italian Art Restorers Used Bacteria to Clean Michelangelo Masterpieces|first=Isis|last=Davis-Marks|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.michelangelo.net/laurentian-library/|title = Laurentian Library by Michelangelo}}</ref> "As a patron, [Giulio de' Medici] proved extraordinarily confident in technical affairs," which allowed him to suggest workable architectural and artistic solutions for commissions ranging from Michelangelo's ''Laurentian Library'' to [[Benvenuto Cellini]]'s celebrated Papal Morse.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/architectural-history/article/abs/michelangelos-laurentian-library-drawings-and-design-process/9CF8C0223BC94B01D64C6995DA3C9D0D|doi = 10.1017/S0066622X00004007|title = Michelangelo's Laurentian Library: Drawings and Design Process|year = 2011|last1 = Cooper|first1 = James G.|journal = Architectural History|volume = 54|pages = 49–90|s2cid = 194795995}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/metabook?id=livespainters|title = Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects}}</ref> As Pope, he appointed goldsmith Cellini head of the Papal Mint; and painter [[Sebastiano del Piombo]] keeper of the Papal Seal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/html_m/c/cellini/2/index.html|title = Medals and coins}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/sebastiano-del-piombo|title = Sebastiano del Piombo (About 1485–1547) &#124; National Gallery, London}}</ref> Sebastiano's tour de force, ''[[The Raising of Lazarus (Sebastiano del Piombo)|The Raising of Lazarus]]'', was produced via a contest arranged by Cardinal Giulio, pitting Sebastiano in direct competition with Raphael over who could produce the better altarpiece for the [[Narbonne Cathedral]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/sebastiano-del-piombo-incorporating-designs-by-michelangelo-the-raising-of-lazarus|title = Sebastiano del Piombo incorporating designs by Michelangelo &#124; the Raising of Lazarus &#124; NG1 &#124; National Gallery, London}}</ref>

Giulio de' Medici's patronage extended to theology, literature, and science. Some of the best known works associated with him are [[Erasmus]]' ''[[De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio|On Free Will]]'', which he encouraged in response to [[Martin Luther]]'s critiques of the Catholic Church; [[Machiavelli]]'s ''[[Florentine Histories]]'', which he commissioned; and [[Copernicus]]' [[heliocentrism|heliocentric idea]], which he personally approved in 1533.<ref name="auto7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Florentine-Histories|title = Florentine Histories &#124; work by Machiavelli}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto"/> When [[Johann Widmanstetter]] explained the [[Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican system]] to him, he was so grateful that he gave Widmanstetter a valuable gift.<ref name="Repcheck">{{cite book|last=Repcheck|first=Jack|title=Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0-7432-8951-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/copernicussecret00repc/page/79 78–79, 184, 186]|location=New York|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/copernicussecret00repc/page/79}}</ref> In 1531 Clement issued rules for the oversight of human cadaver dissection and medical test trials, a sort of primitive code of medical ethics.<ref>{{cite book
 |last= Rankin
 |first= Alisha
 |date= 2021
 |title= The Poison Trials: Wonder Drugs, Experiment, and the Battle for Authority in Renaissance Science 
 |url= https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo68660583.html
 |location= Chicago
 |publisher= University of Chicago Press
 |isbn= 978-0226744711
}}</ref> Humanist and author [[Paolo Giovio]] was his personal physician.<ref>{{cite book
 |last= Zimmerman
 |first= T.C. Price
 |date= 1995
 |title= Paolo Giovio: the Historian and the Crisis of Sixteenth-Century Italy 
 |url= https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo68660583.html
 |location= Princeton
 |publisher= Princeton University Press
 |isbn= 978-1400821839
}}</ref>

Giulio de' Medici was a talented musician, and his circle included many well-known artists and thinkers of the Italian [[High Renaissance]].<ref name=":0" /> For example, "in the days before his papacy, the future Clement VII had been close to [[Leonardo da Vinci]]," with Leonardo gifting him a painting, the ''[[Madonna of the Carnation]]''.<ref name="Strathern"/> He was a patron of the satirist [[Pietro Aretino]], who "wrote a series of viciously satirical lampoons supporting the candidacy of Giulio de' Medici for the papacy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pietro-Aretino|title=Pietro Aretino &#124; Italian author|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=16 April 2023}}</ref> As Pope, he appointed author [[Baldassare Castiglione]] as Papal diplomat to [[Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]]; and historian [[Francesco Guicciardini]] as governor of the [[Romagna]], the northernmost province of the Papal States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03409c.htm|title = Catholic Encyclopedia: Baldassare Castiglione}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francesco-Guicciardini|title = Francesco Guicciardini &#124; Italian historian and statesman| date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

==== The Clementine Style ====
Italian Renaissance artistic trends from 1523 to 1527 are sometimes called the "Clementine style", and notable for their technical virtuosity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1= Reiss|first1= Sheryl E.|editor1-first= Jill|editor1-last=Burke|title= Rethinking the High Renaissance: The Culture of the Visual Arts in Early Sixteenth-Century Rome, "Pope Clement VII and the Decorum of Medieval Art"|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj0rDwAAQBAJ&q=rethinking+the+high+renaissance+jill+burke&pg=PR4|access-date= 29 September 2017|year= 2012|orig-year=2012 |publisher= Ashgate Publishing Company|location= Burlington, VT|language=en|isbn= 978-1409425588|page=289|chapter=12}}</ref> In 1527, the Sack of Rome "put a brutal end to an artistic golden age, the Clementine style that had developed in Rome since the coronation of the Medici Pope".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/arts-in-europe/migration-and-artistic-identities/sack-rome-1527-triumph-mannerism-in-europe|title=Sack of Rome (1527): the Triumph of Mannerism in Europe|website=Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe}}</ref> [[André Chastel]] describes the artists who worked in the Clementine style as [[Parmigianino]], [[Rosso Fiorentino]], Sebastiano del Piombo, Benvenuto Cellini, [[Marcantonio Raimondi]], and numerous associates of Raphael: [[Giulio Romano (painter)|Giulio Romano]], [[Giovanni da Udine]]; [[Perino del Vaga]]; and [[Polidoro da Caravaggio]].<ref name="auto5">{{cite book|last=Chastel|first=André|title=The Sack of Rome|year=1983|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691099477}}</ref> During the Sack, several of these artists were either killed, made prisoner, or took part in the fighting.<ref name="auto5"/>