Editing Pope Adrian IV (section)

==Death==
[[File:Tomb of Pope Adrian IV.jpg|thumb|upright|Tomb of Pope Adrian IV, a repurposed [[Early Christian art and architecture|early Christian]] sarcophagus|alt=Black and white photo of Adrian's tomb]]
{{Quote box|bgcolor=#FFFFF0|quote=At Anagni Hadrian proclaimed the emperor excommunicate and a few days later, to cool himself down [during the hot weather] he started off for a certain fountain along with his attendants. When he got there he drank deeply and at once (according to the story), a fly entered his mouth, stuck to his throat, and could not be shifted by any device of the doctors: and as a result, the pope died.{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|1997|p=97}}|source=[[Burchard of Ursperg]]'s ''[[Chronicon Urspergensis]]'', [[Wiktionary:circa|c.]] 1159|align=right|width=25em}}

By autumn 1159 it may have been clear to Adrian's household and companions that he had not long to live. This may have been at least in part caused by the stresses of his pontificate, suggests Norwich, which although short, was difficult.{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=186}} Pope Adrian died in Anagni{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=258}}—to where he had retired for security against the Emperor{{sfn|McBrien|1997}}—from [[Peritonsillar abscess|quinsy]]{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}{{refn|The 16th-century [[martyrologist]] [[John Foxe]] later said that this had been caused by the Pope choking on a fly.{{sfn|Oliver|1945|p=392}}|group=note}} on 1 September 1159. He died, says Norwich, "as many Popes had died before him, an embittered exile; and when death came to him, he welcomed it as a friend".{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=186}} He was buried three days later{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} in an "undistinguished third-century sarcophagus"{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=186}} [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] tomb of his own choosing.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=322}}{{refn|Porphory, a purple stone, was much associated with the [[Emperor Hadrian]] and had first been chosen by [[Innocent II]] and was subsequently adopted by [[Lucius III]] and [[Urban III]].{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=322}}|group=note}} In 1607, the Italian archaeologist [[Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi]] excavated the crypt and in the process opened Adrian's tomb. He described the body, still well preserved, as that of an "undersized man, wearing Turkish slippers on his feet and, on his hand, a ring with a large emerald", and dressed in a dark [[Chasuble]].{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=186}}{{sfn|McBrien|1997}}

At the time of Adrian's death, Partner argues, "imperial pressure on the papacy was stronger than it had been since the time of Henry V, and it is not surprising that the cardinals were unable to agree about his successor".{{sfn|Partner|1972|p=203}} It is likely that in the months presaging his death the cardinals were aware of the likelihood of a schism occurring soon afterwards;{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=79}} Freed suggests that thanks to Adrian's own policies, "a split in the College of Cardinals was thus almost preordained", regardless of the Emperor's input.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=257}} Ullmann suggests that it was the ideological positions of individual cardinals which was shaping—and introducing faction to—the Curia in the last months of Adrian's pontificate.{{sfn|Ullmann|2003|p=124}} However, Norwich states that Frederick Barbarossa orchestrated the schism himself.{{sfn|Norwich|1995|p=132}}

In September 1159—now leading the Emperor's opponents{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}—Adrian had agreed ("but did not swear") to excommunicate Barbarossa.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=257}} He also did not have time to judge the request of Scottish Legates who had been in Rome since that summer, who were requesting the [[Diocese of St Andrews]] be made a [[Metropolitan Archdiocese|metropolitan]],{{sfn|Barrow|1994|p=223}} and the [[beatification]] of [[Waltheof of Melrose]].{{sfn|Birkett|2010|p=55}}{{refn|As the scholar Helen Birkett points out, the Pope to whom the original request was sent was not to be the one who approved it. This, Birkett argues, is an example of the Papacy being seen to make grants as an institution rather than as individual popes.{{sfn|Birkett|2010|pp=55, 55 n.60}}|group=note}} One of his final acts was the blessing of his preferred successor, Bernard, Cardinal-Bishop of Porto,{{sfn|Sayers|2004}}{{refn|The letter of the law, as expressed by Cardinal [[Pietro Senex]] in 1130 that "there must be no mention of the successor before the Pope is buried", was widely ignored.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=80}}|group=note}} testified [[Eberhard II von Otelingen|Eberhard, Bishop of Bamberg]] to the Conclave.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=80}} This, suggests Sayers, could have been Adrian's "masterstroke". The election of Bernard—as a candidate acceptable to the Emperor—may have avoided the future schism.{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} That the Cardinals ended up agreeing with Adrian's choice indicates he had chosen wisely, argues Baumgartner.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003b|p=32}}{{refn|Between leaving Anagni and arrival in Rome the Cardinals agreed to either elect someone from within their number who was acceptable to all, or someone from outside the college if they could not.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=258}}|group=note}}

Pope Adrian was buried in St Peter's on 4 September 1159. Present were three Imperial ambassadors who had been in attendance on the Pope when he died. They were Otto of Wittelsbach—who had tried to beat up Cardinal Roland at Besançon—[[Guido of Biandrate]] and [[Heribert of Aachen]].{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=257}}{{refn|They were under instructions from the Emperor to either make peace with Adrian or, failing that, with the Roman commune.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=256}}|group=note}} However, as soon as the Emperor heard of the Pope's death, says Madden, he "sent a group of agents and a great deal of money to Rome" in an attempt to secure the election of a successor with pro-Imperial sympathies.{{sfn|Madden|2012|p=95}}