Editing Peptic ulcer disease (section)

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori}}

[[John Lykoudis]], a [[general practitioner]] in [[Greece]], treated people for peptic ulcer disease with [[antibiotics]] beginning in 1958, long before it was commonly recognized that bacteria were a dominant cause for the disease.<ref name=Lykoudis>{{cite book |first1=Basil |last1=Rigas |first2=Efstathios D. |last2=Papavasassiliou |chapter=Ch. 7 John Lykoudis. The general practitioner in Greece who in 1958 discovered the etiology of, and a treatment for, peptic ulcer disease. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK4ATW-lQZQC&pg=PA75 |editor-first=Barry J. |editor-last=Marshall |title=Helicobacter pioneers: firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892–1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK4ATW-lQZQC&pg=PR4 |date=22 May 2002 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-86793-035-1 |pages=74–88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521063535/https://books.google.com/books?id=lK4ATW-lQZQC&pg=PR4 |archive-date=21 May 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' was identified in 1982 by two [[Australia]]n scientists, [[Robin Warren]] and [[Barry Marshall|Barry J. Marshall]], as a causative factor for ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Warren JR, Marshall B | title = Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis | journal = Lancet | volume = 1 | issue = 8336 | pages = 1273–5 | date = June 1983 | pmid = 6134060 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8 | s2cid = 1641856 }}</ref> In their original paper, Warren and Marshall contended that most gastric ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by [[stress (medicine)|stress]] or [[spicy food]], as had been assumed before.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marshall BJ, Warren JR | title = Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration | journal = Lancet | volume = 1 | issue = 8390 | pages = 1311–5 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6145023 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6 | s2cid = 10066001 }}</ref>

The ''H. pylori'' hypothesis was still poorly received,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/content/slate/blogs/thewrongstuff/2010/09/09/stress_doesn_t_cause_ulers_or_how_to_win_a_nobel_prize_in_one_easy_lesson_barry_marshall_on_being_right.html |title=Stress Doesn't Cause Ulcers! Or, How To Win a Nobel Prize in One Easy Lesson: Barry Marshall on Being ... Right | first = Kathryn | last = Schulz | author-link = Kathryn Schulz |date=9 September 2010 |magazine=The Wrong Stuff |publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805082007/http://www.slate.com/content/slate/blogs/thewrongstuff/2010/09/09/stress_doesn_t_cause_ulers_or_how_to_win_a_nobel_prize_in_one_easy_lesson_barry_marshall_on_being_right.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> so in an act of [[self-experimentation]] Marshall drank a [[Petri dish]] containing a culture of organisms extracted from a person with an ulcer and five days later developed gastritis. His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife, since [[halitosis]] is one of the symptoms of infection.<ref name="mja">{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Der Weyden MB, Armstrong RM, Gregory AT | title = The 2005 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | volume = 183 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 612–4 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16336147 |url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627035448/http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639 | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 27 June 2009 | doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00052.x| s2cid = 45487832 }}</ref> This experiment was published in 1984 in the ''[[Australian Medical Journal]]'' and is among the most cited articles from the journal.

In 1997, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], with other government agencies, academic institutions, and industry, launched a national education campaign to inform health care providers and consumers about the link between ''H. pylori'' and ulcers. This campaign reinforced the news that ulcers are a curable infection and that health can be greatly improved and money saved by disseminating information about ''H. pylori''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/history.htm |title=Ulcer, Diagnosis and Treatment - CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases |publisher=Cdc.gov |access-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203231313/http://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/history.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2005, the [[Karolinska Institutet|Karolinska Institute in Stockholm]] awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] to Marshall and his long-time collaborator Warren "for their discovery of the bacterium ''Helicobacter pylori'' and its role in [[gastritis]] and peptic ulcer disease." Marshall continues research related to ''H. pylori'' and runs a molecular biology lab at [[University of Western Australia|UWA]] in Perth, Western Australia.

A 1998 New England Medical Journal study found that [[mastic gum]], a tree resin extract, actively eliminated the ''H. pylori'' bacteria.<ref name="pmid9874617">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huwez FU, Thirlwell D, Cockayne A, Ala'Aldeen DA | title = Mastic gum kills Helicobacter pylori | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 339 | issue = 26 | pages = 1946 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 9874617 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199812243392618 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/339/26/1946 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915121329/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/339/26/1946 | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 15 September 2008 | doi-access = free }} See also [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/340/7/576 their corrections in the next volume] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005120756/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/340/7/576 |date=5 October 2008 }}.</ref> However, multiple subsequent studies (in mice and in vivo) have found no effect of using mastic gum on reducing ''H. pylori'' levels.<ref name="pmid12562704">{{cite journal | vauthors = Loughlin MF, Ala'Aldeen DA, Jenks PJ | title = Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 367–71 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12562704 | doi = 10.1093/jac/dkg057 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid12888582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bebb JR, Bailey-Flitter N, Ala'Aldeen D, Atherton JC | title = Mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori load in vivo | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | pages = 522–3 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12888582 | doi = 10.1093/jac/dkg366 | doi-access = free }}</ref>