Editing Pedro II of Brazil (section)

== Exile and legacy ==

=== Last years ===
{{main|Exile and death of Pedro II of Brazil}}
[[File:Atelier Nadar - Pedro II. (1825-1891), König von Brasilien, auf seinem Totenbett in Paris (Zeno Fotografie).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph showing a white-bearded man, hands folded on stomach, dressed in a uniform with sash and chain of office and lying in state on cushions with a book under the cushion at the head|Pedro, clad in court dress uniform, on his bier, 6 December 1891: the book beneath the pillow under his head symbolized that his mind rests upon knowledge even in death]]
Teresa Cristina died three weeks after their arrival in Europe, and Isabel and her family moved to another place while Pedro settled first in [[Cannes]] and later in Paris.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|pp=234–235}}{{sfn|Barman|1999|pp=371, 377}} Pedro's last couple of years were lonely and melancholic, as he lived in modest hotels without money and writing in his journal of dreams in which he was allowed to return to Brazil.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|pp=237–238}},
* {{harvnb|Besouchet|1993|p=595}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|pp=156–157}}.</ref> He never supported a restoration of the monarchy, once stating that he had no desire "to return to the position which I occupied, especially not by means of conspiracy of any sort."{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=380}} One day he caught an infection that progressed quickly into [[pneumonia]].{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=238}}{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=29}} Pedro rapidly declined and died at 00:35 on 5 December 1891 surrounded by his family.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|pp=238–239}},
* {{harvnb|Schwarcz|1998|p=489}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=165}}.</ref> His last words were "May God grant me these last wishes—peace and prosperity for Brazil".{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=30}} While the body was being prepared, a sealed package in the room was found, and next to it a message written by the Emperor himself: "It is soil from my country, I wish it to be placed in my coffin in case I die away from my fatherland."<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Schwarcz|1998|p=489}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|p=1897}},
* {{harvnb|Besouchet|1993|p=604}}.</ref>

Isabel wished to hold a discreet and private burial ceremony, but she eventually agreed to the French government's request for a [[state funeral]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Besouchet|1993|p=609}},
* {{harvnb|Schwarcz|1998|p=489}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=239}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|p=1896}}.</ref> On 9 December, thousands of mourners attended the ceremony at [[La Madeleine, Paris|La Madeleine]]. Aside from Pedro's family, these included: [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francesco&nbsp;II]], former king of the Two Sicilies; [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabel&nbsp;II]], former queen of Spain; [[Philippe, comte de Paris]]; and other members of European royalty.{{sfn|Calmon|1975|p=1898}}{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=617}} Also present were General [[Joseph Brugère]], representing President [[Marie François Sadi Carnot|Sadi Carnot]]; the presidents of the [[Senate of France|Senate]] and the [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Chamber of Deputies]] as well as their members; diplomats; and other representatives of the French government.{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=618}}{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=239}} Nearly all members of the [[Institut de France]] were in attendance.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=239}}{{sfn|Calmon|1975|p=1899}} Other governments from the Americas and Europe sent representatives, as did the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Qajar Iran|Persia]], [[Qing Dynasty|China]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]].{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=618}} Following the services, the coffin was taken in procession to the railway station to begin its trip to Portugal. Around 300,000 people lined the route under incessant rain and cold.{{sfn|Calmon|1975|p=1900}}{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=614}} The journey continued on to the [[Monastery of São Vicente de Fora|Church of São Vicente de Fora]] near [[Lisbon]], where the body of Pedro was interred in the [[Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza]] on 12 December.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=240}}{{sfn|Calmon|1975|pp=1900–1902}}

The Brazilian republican government, "fearful of a backlash resulting from the death of the Emperor", banned any official reaction.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=493}} Nevertheless,  Brazilians were not indifferent to Pedro's death, and "repercussions in Brazil were also immense, despite the government's effort to suppress. There were demonstrations of sorrow throughout the country: shuttered business activity, flags displayed at half-staff, black armbands on clothes, death knells, religious ceremonies."{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=240}}{{sfn|Mônaco Janotti|1986|p=50}} Masses were held in memory of Pedro throughout Brazil, and he and the monarchy were praised in the eulogies that followed.{{sfn|Mônaco Janotti|1986|p=50}}

=== Legacy ===
{{main|Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil}}
[[File:Petropolis-Cathedral4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Inside a gothic chapel, a marble effigy of a bearded emperor in uniform lies atop an intricately carved stone sarcophagus|Tomb of Pedro&nbsp;II and Teresa Cristina in the [[Catedral de Petrópolis|Cathedral of Petrópolis]], Brazil]]
After his fall, Brazilians remained attached to the Emperor, who was still a popular and highly praised figure.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=497}}{{sfn|Martins|2008|p=66}} This view was even stronger among those [[Afro-Brazilian|of African descent]], who equated the monarchy with freedom because of his and his daughter Isabel's part in the abolition of slavery.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=469}} The continued support for the deposed monarch is largely credited to a generally held and unextinguished belief that he was a truly "wise, benevolent, austere and honest ruler", said historian Ricardo Salles.{{sfn|Salles|1996|p=15}} The positive view of Pedro&nbsp;II, and nostalgia for his reign, only grew as the nation quickly fell into a series of economic and political crises which Brazilians attributed to the Emperor's overthrow.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=496}}

Strong feelings of guilt manifested among republicans, and these became increasingly evident upon the Emperor's death in exile.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|pp=495–496}} They praised Pedro&nbsp;II, who was seen as a model of [[Res publica|republican ideals]], and the imperial era, which they believed should be regarded as an example to be followed by the young republic.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=508}}{{sfn|Martins|2008|p=123}} In Brazil, the news of the Emperor's death "aroused a genuine sense of regret among those who, without sympathy for a restoration, acknowledged both the merits and the achievements of their deceased ruler."{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=402}} His remains, as well as those of his wife, were returned to Brazil in 1921 in time for the centenary of the Brazilian independence. The government granted Pedro&nbsp;II dignities befitting a head of state.{{sfn|Calmon|1975|pp=1914–1915}}{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=405}} A national holiday was declared and the return of the Emperor as a national hero was celebrated throughout the country.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|pp=503, 508}} Thousands attended the main ceremony in [[Rio de Janeiro]] where, according to historian [[Pedro Calmon]], the "elderly people cried. Many knelt down. All clapped hands. There was no distinction between republicans and monarchists. They were all Brazilians."{{sfn|Calmon|1975|p=1915}} This homage marked the reconciliation of Republican Brazil with its monarchical past.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=405}}

Historians have expressed high regard for Pedro&nbsp;II and his reign. The scholarly literature dealing with him is vast and, with the exception of the period immediately after his ouster, overwhelmingly positive, and even laudatory.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=22}} He has been regarded by several historians in Brazil as the greatest Brazilian.{{sfn|Viana|1994|p=467}}{{sfn|Benevides|Azevedo|Alcântara|1979|p=61}} In a manner similar to methods which were used by republicans, historians point to the Emperor's virtues as an example to be followed, although none go so far as to advocate a restoration of the monarchy. Historian Richard Graham noted that "[m]ost twentieth-century historians, moreover, have looked back on the period [of Pedro&nbsp;II's reign] nostalgically, using their descriptions of the Empire to criticize—sometimes subtly, sometimes not—Brazil's subsequent republican or dictatorial regimes."{{sfn|Graham|1994|p=4}}