Editing Oxygen (section)

===Medical===
[[File:Home oxygen concentrator.jpg|thumb|upright|left|An [[oxygen concentrator]] in an [[emphysema]] patient's house|alt=A gray device with a label DeVILBISS LT4000 and some text on the front panel. A green plastic pipe is running from the device.]]

{{Main|Oxygen therapy}}

Uptake of {{chem|O|2}} from the air is the essential purpose of [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]], so oxygen supplementation is used in [[medicine]]. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. [[Oxygen therapy]] is used to treat [[emphysema]], [[pneumonia]], some heart disorders ([[congestive heart failure]]), some disorders that cause increased [[pulmonary artery pressure]], and any [[disease]] that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.<ref name="ECE510">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 510</ref>

Treatments are flexible enough to be used in hospitals, the patient's home, or increasingly by portable devices. [[Oxygen tent]]s were once commonly used in oxygen supplementation, but have since been replaced mostly by the use of [[oxygen mask]]s or [[nasal cannula]]s.<ref name="pmid18540928">{{cite journal |author=Sim MA |display-authors=4 |author2=Dean P |author3=Kinsella J |author4= Black R |author5=Carter R|author6=Hughes M |title=Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=938–40 |date=2008 |pmid=18540928 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x|s2cid=205248111 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Hyperbaric medicine|Hyperbaric]] (high-pressure) medicine uses special [[hyperbaric oxygen chamber|oxygen chambers]] to increase the [[partial pressure]] of {{chem|O|2}} around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.<ref name="pmid8931286">{{cite journal |author=Stephenson RN |author2=Mackenzie I |author3=Watt SJ |author4=Ross JA |title=Measurement of oxygen concentration in delivery systems used for hyperbaric oxygen therapy |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=185–88 |date=1996 |pmid=8931286 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2245 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811175247/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2245 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[gas gangrene]], and [[decompression sickness]] (the 'bends') are sometimes addressed with this therapy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhms.org/Default.aspx?tabid=270 |title=Indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy |author=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |access-date=September 22, 2008 |author-link=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912184905/http://www.uhms.org/Default.aspx?tabid=270 |archive-date=September 12, 2008 }}</ref> Increased {{chem|O|2}} concentration in the lungs helps to displace [[carbon monoxide]] from the heme group of [[hemoglobin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/CarbonMonoxidePoisoning/tabid/272/Default.aspx |title=Carbon Monoxide |author=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725005744/http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/CarbonMonoxidePoisoning/tabid/272/Default.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref><ref name="pmid15233173">{{cite journal |author=Piantadosi CA |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=167–77 |date=2004 |pmid=15233173 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4002 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203090807/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4002 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Oxygen gas is poisonous to the [[anaerobic bacteria]] that cause gas gangrene, so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hart GB |author2=Strauss MB |title=Gas Gangrene&nbsp;– Clostridial Myonecrosis: A Review |journal=J. Hyperbaric Med |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=125–44 |date=1990 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4428 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203090838/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4428 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zamboni WA |author2=Riseman JA |author3=Kucan JO |title=Management of Fournier's Gangrene and the role of Hyperbaric Oxygen |journal=J. Hyperbaric Med |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=177–86 |date=1990 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4431 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203090958/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4431 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive, resulting in bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium, forming in the blood. Increasing the pressure of {{chem|O|2}} as soon as possible helps to redissolve the bubbles back into the blood so that these excess gasses can be exhaled naturally through the lungs.<ref name="ECE510" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/DecompressionSickness/tabid/275/Default.aspx |title=Decompression Sickness or Illness and Arterial Gas Embolism |author=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705210353/http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/DecompressionSickness/tabid/275/Default.aspx <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=July 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=C. |title=A brief history of diving and decompression illness |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=29 |issue=2 |date=1999 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905152645/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Normobaric oxygen administration at the highest available concentration is frequently used as first aid for any diving injury that may involve inert gas bubble formation in the tissues. There is epidemiological support for its use from a statistical study of cases recorded in a long term database.<ref name="Longphre et al 2007">{{cite journal|title=First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries |last1=Longphre |first1=JM |last2=Denoble |first2=PJ |last3=Moon |first3=RE |last4=Vann |first4=RD |last5=Freiberger |first5=JJ |journal=Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine |date=2007 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=43–49|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3c96/eec9b2ae3f25ffc0569f26b7329d5b05e213.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104203/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3c96/eec9b2ae3f25ffc0569f26b7329d5b05e213.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-10-01 |via=Rubicon Research Repository |pmid=17393938 |s2cid=3236557 }}</ref><ref name="Emergency O2 for scuba">{{cite web |url=https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/training/courses/course_eo2 |title=Emergency Oxygen for Scuba Diving Injuries |publisher=Divers Alert Network |author=<!--not specified--> |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420114653/https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/training/courses/course_eo2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DAN Europe">{{cite web |url=https://daneurope.org/web/guest/readarticle;jsessionid=F8EB8916CD93E6A793F9F875BF5FC782?p_p_id=web_content_reading&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&p_r_p_-1523133153_groupId=10103&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleId=11601&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleVersion=1.0&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaCategories=&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaTags= |title=Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries |publisher=Divers Alert Network Europe |author=<!--not specified--> |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202203/https://daneurope.org/web/guest/readarticle;jsessionid=F8EB8916CD93E6A793F9F875BF5FC782?p_p_id=web_content_reading&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&p_r_p_-1523133153_groupId=10103&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleId=11601&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleVersion=1.0&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaCategories=&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaTags= |url-status=live }}</ref>
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