Editing Niobium (section)

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The arc-tube seals of high pressure [[sodium vapor lamp]]s are made from niobium, sometimes alloyed with 1% of [[zirconium]]; niobium has a very similar coefficient of thermal expansion, matching the [[sintered]] [[alumina]] [[arc tube]] ceramic, a translucent material which resists chemical attack or [[redox|reduction]] by the hot liquid sodium and sodium vapour contained inside the operating lamp.<ref>{{cite book|title = Lamps and Lighting|author=Henderson, Stanley Thomas|author2=Marsden, Alfred Michael|author3=Hewitt, Harry|publisher = Edward Arnold Press|date = 1972|isbn = 978-0-7131-3267-0|pages = 244–245}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title = Refractory metals: crucial components for light sources|last = Eichelbrönner|first = G.|date =1998|journal = International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials|volume = 16|issue = 1|pages = 5–11|doi = 10.1016/S0263-4368(98)00009-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Niobium and Niobium 1% Zirconium for High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Discharge Lamps|author=Michaluk, Christopher A.|author2=Huber, Louis E.|author3=Ford, Robert B. |date = 2001|publisher=Niobium 2001 Limited |isbn = 978-0-9712068-0-9 |editor = Minerals, Metals and Materials Society}}</ref>

Niobium is used in [[arc welding]] rods for some stabilized grades of stainless steel<ref>{{US patent reference|number = 5254836|issue-date=19 October 1993|inventor = Okada, Yuuji; Kobayashi, Toshihiko; Sasabe, Hiroshi; Aoki, Yoshimitsu; Nishizawa, Makoto; Endo, Shunji|title = Method of arc welding with a ferrite stainless steel welding rod}}</ref><!--<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jxmetals.com/sdp/316680/4/cp-1271725.html|publisher=Shanghai Jiangxi Metals Co. Ltd|access-date=14 October 2008|title=Niobium – Properties & Uses}}</ref>--> and in anodes for cathodic protection systems on some water tanks, which are then usually plated with platinum.<ref>{{cite book|author=Moavenzadeh, Fred|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Building and Construction Materials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiJaEAUj258C&pg=PA157|access-date=18 February 2012|date=14 March 1990|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-13248-0|pages=157–|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603023711/http://books.google.com/books?id=YiJaEAUj258C&pg=PA157|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Cardarelli, François|title=Materials handbook: a concise desktop reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvU-qbQJq7IC&pg=PA352|access-date=18 February 2012|date=9 January 2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-84628-668-1|pages=352–|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603004328/http://books.google.com/books?id=PvU-qbQJq7IC&pg=PA352|url-status=live}}</ref>

Niobium is used to make the high voltage wire of the [[solar corona]] particles receptor module of the [[Parker Solar Probe]].<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Dr. Tony Case |date=24 August 2018 |title=Scientist Interview: Dr. Tony Case (Parker Solar Probe) |language=en |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3GKfvPc2ns&t=214s | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/m3GKfvPc2ns| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Niobium is a constituent of a lightfast chemically-stable inorganic yellow pigment that has the trade name NTP Yellow. It is Niobium Sulfur Tin Zinc Oxide, a [[pyrochlore]], produced via high-temperature [[calcination]]. The pigment is also known as pigment yellow 227, commonly listed as PY 227 or PY227.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Color of Art Pigment Database – Pigment Yellow – PY |date=2024 |website=artiscreation |url=https://www.artiscreation.com/yellow.html#PY227 |access-date=2024-08-17 }}</ref>

Niobium is employed in the atomic energy industry for its high temperature and corrosion resistance, as well as its stability under [[radiation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Zhipeng |last2=Wang |first2=Tao |year=2024 |title=Irradiation resistance of a novel multi-component Nb alloy at elevated temperature |journal=Materials Characterization |volume=214 |page=114102 |doi=10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114102}}</ref> It is used in [[nuclear reactors]] for components like fuel rods and reactor cores.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refractorymetal.org/uses-of-niobium/ |title=10 Important Uses of Niobium |website=Advanced Refractory Metals |date=2 April 2020 |access-date=Oct 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sathers |first1=D. |last2=Flanigan |first2=J. |year=2022 |title=Niobium rod quality and its impact on the production of Nb3Sn strand for the Divertor Tokamak Test Facility toroidal coils |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |volume=1241 |page=012017 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/1241/1/012017|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Nickel]] niobium alloys are used in aerospace, oil and gas, construction. They are used in components of jet engines, in ground gas turbines, elements of bridges and high-rise buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmitz |first=Sophia |date=2025-04-28 |title=Nickel Niobium Market Expected to Reach $2.5 Billion by 2034 as Demand Rises in Aerospace and Automotive Sectors |url=https://metals-wire.net/commodities/nickel-niobium-market-expected-to-reach-2-5-billion-by-2034-as-demand-rises-in-aerospace-and-automotive-sectors/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Metals Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=G. D. |last2=Patel |first2=S. J. |title=The role of niobium in wrought preciptation-hardened nickel-base alloys |url=https://www.tms.org/Superalloys/10.7449/2005/Superalloys_2005_135_154.pdf |work=The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society|date=2005 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.7449/2005/Superalloys_2005_135_154 |isbn=978-0-87339-602-8 }}</ref>