Editing Nationalism (section)

=== 21st century ===
{{main|Neo-nationalism}}
[[File:Myanmar civil war.svg|thumb|200px|[[List of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar|Ethnic armies in Myanmar]] that are involved in the [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)]]]]
The rise of [[globalism]] in the late 20th century led to a rise in nationalism and [[populism]] in Europe and North America. That trend was further fueled by increased terrorism in the West (the [[September 11 attacks]] in the United States being a prime example), increasing unrest and civil wars in the Middle East, and [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|waves of Muslim refugees, especially from the Syrian Civil War]], flooding into Europe ({{as of|2016|lc=y}} the refugee crisis appears to have peaked).<ref>{{cite journal |title=American Nationalism and U.S. Foreign Policy from September 11 to the Iraq War |author=McCartney, Paul T. |date=Fall 2004 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=119 |pages=399–423 |number=3 |jstor=20202389|doi=10.2307/20202389}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Europe's New Identity: The Refugee Crisis and the Rise of Nationalism |author=Postelnicescu, Claudia |date=12 May 2016 |journal=Europe's Journal of Psychology |pmc=4894286 |pmid=27298631 |doi=10.5964/ejop.v12i2.1191 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=203–209}}</ref> Nationalist groups like Germany's [[Pegida]], France's [[National Front (France)|National Front]] and the [[UK Independence Party]] gained prominence in their respective nations advocating [[Opposition to immigration|restrictions on immigration]] to protect the local populations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The New European Nationalism and the Migrant Crisis |author=Clark, Philip |date=12 November 2015 |website=Stanford Politics |url=https://stanfordpolitics.com/the-new-european-nationalism-and-the-migrant-crisis-e989a1a45ac3}}</ref><ref name="WP: Survey">{{cite news |title=Surveys show Russian nationalism is on the rise. This explains a lot about the country's foreign and domestic politics. |author=Arnold, Richard |date=30 May 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://stanfordpolitics.com/the-new-european-nationalism-and-the-migrant-crisis-e989a1a45ac3}}</ref>

Since 2010, [[Catalan nationalism|Catalan nationalists]] have led a renewed [[Catalan independence movement]] and [[Catalan declaration of independence|declared Catalan independence]]. The movement has been opposed by [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalists]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Spanish Nationalism Is on the Rise |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/spain/2018-02-05/why-spanish-nationalism-rise |work=Foreign Affairs |date=5 February 2018 |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501102558/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/spain/2018-02-05/why-spanish-nationalism-rise |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"[https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.816185 Madrid Unity Rally Mired by Fascist Salutes From Far-right Falange Party Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122757/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.816185 |date=17 November 2017 }}". ''[[Haaretz]]''. 8 October 2017.</ref> In the 2010s, the [[Greek government-debt crisis|Greek economic crisis]] and waves of immigration have led to a significant rise of [[Fascism]] and [[Greek nationalism]] across Greece, especially among the youth.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2015|title=Golden Dawn, Austerity and Young People: The Rise of Fascist Extremism Among Young People in Contemporary Greek Society|journal=The Sociological Review |volume=63|pages=231–249|doi=10.1111/1467-954X.12270|last1=Koronaiou|first1=Alexandra|last2=Lagos|first2=Evangelos|last3=Sakellariou|first3=Alexandros|last4=Kymionis|first4=Stelios|last5=Chiotaki-Poulou|first5=Irini|issue=2_suppl|s2cid=145077294}}</ref>

In Russia, exploitation of nationalist sentiments allowed [[Vladimir Putin]] to consolidate power.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rise of the Russian Nationalism, the Secret of Putin's Survival, and the Return of Stalin |editor=Arshakuni, Nini |date=June 2016 |publisher=Institute of Modern Russia |url=https://imrussia.org/en/the-rundown/media-must-reads/2564-the-rise-of-the-russian-nationalism%2C-the-secret-of-putin%E2%80%99s-survival%2C-and-the-return-of-stalin |access-date=30 July 2017 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019203355/https://imrussia.org/en/the-rundown/media-must-reads/2564-the-rise-of-the-russian-nationalism,-the-secret-of-putin%E2%80%99s-survival,-and-the-return-of-stalin |url-status=live }}</ref> This nationalist sentiment was used in Russia's annexation of [[Crimea]] in 2014 and other actions in Ukraine.<ref name="WP: Survey"/> Nationalist movements gradually began to rise in Central Europe as well, particularly Poland, under the influence of the ruling party, [[Law and Justice]] (led by [[Jarosław Kaczyński]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Problem With Poland's New Nationalism |author=Zamoyski, Adam |date=27 January 2016 |magazine=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/27/the-problem-with-polands-new-nationalism/ |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904202417/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/27/the-problem-with-polands-new-nationalism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Hungary, the anti-immigration rhetoric and stance against foreign influence is a powerful national glue promoted the ruling [[Fidesz]] party (led by [[Viktor Orbán]]).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/04/05/why-is-hungary-turning-to-nationalism|date=5 April 2018|title=Why is Hungary turning to nationalism?|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025151539/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/04/05/why-is-hungary-turning-to-nationalism|url-status=live}}</ref> Nationalist parties have also joined governing coalitions in [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2017|title=Bulgaria's government will include far-right nationalist parties for the first time|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/04/25/bulgarias-government-will-include-nationalist-parties-on-the-far-right-heres-why-and-what-this-means/?noredirect=on|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416114424/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/04/25/bulgarias-government-will-include-nationalist-parties-on-the-far-right-heres-why-and-what-this-means/?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Slovakia]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[EUobserver]]|date=13 March 2018|title=Threat to collapse Fico coalition after journalist killing|url=https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/141297|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025150133/https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/141297|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Latvia]]<ref>{{cite news|date=14 November 2017|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/14/c_136749737.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190037/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/14/c_136749737.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2018|title=Latvia's nationalist party demands right for employees to use Latvian language|access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref> and [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In Ukraine, nationalists gain influence – and scrutiny |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-farright-insight-idUSBREA2H0K620140318 |work=Reuters |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224041356/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-farright-insight-idUSBREA2H0K620140318 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In India, [[Hindu nationalism]] has grown in popularity with the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], a right-wing party which has been ruling India at the national level since 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=16 May 2014|title=Narendra Modi's landslide victory shatters Congress's grip on India|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/16/narendra-modi-victory-congress-india-election|access-date=27 July 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804171103/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/16/narendra-modi-victory-congress-india-election|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Iwanek|first=Krzysztof|title=Narendra Modi Wins Again – What Does That Mean for India?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/narendra-modi-wins-again-what-does-that-mean-for-india/|access-date=27 July 2020|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804065143/https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/narendra-modi-wins-again-what-does-that-mean-for-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The rise in religious nationalism comes with the rise of [[right-wing populism]] in India, with the election and re-election of populist leader Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, who promised economic prosperity for all and an end to corruption. Militant [[Buddhism and violence|Buddhist nationalism]] is also on the rise in [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Regional Reach of Buddhist Nationalism |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-11-07/buddhist-nationalism-reaches-beyond-myanmar |work=U.S. News |date=7 November 2017 |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501101055/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-11-07/buddhist-nationalism-reaches-beyond-myanmar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="myanmarnationalism">{{cite news |title=Review: Myanmar's Enemy Within and the Making of Anti-Muslim Rage |url=https://time.com/4964592/myanmar-rohingya-muslims-francis-wade/ |magazine=Time |date=12 October 2017 |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501101051/http://time.com/4964592/myanmar-rohingya-muslims-francis-wade/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Japan, [[Japanese nationalism|nationalist influences]]  in the government developed over the course of the early 21st century, largely from the [[Far-right politics|far right]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Yoshio Sugimoto |title=An Introduction to Japanese Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cssDEAAAQBAJ&dq=far-right+Nippon+Kaigi&pg=PA242 |quote=  ... Nippon Kaigi Parts of the Japanese establishment have ties with a large far-right voluntary organization, Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), whose ranks include grassroots members across the nation as well as national and local ... |date=2020 |page=242 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781108724746 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Michael W. Apple |title=Global Crises, Social Justice, and Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7KLAgAAQBAJ&dq=far-right+Nippon+Kaigi&pg=PA69 |quote=  In 1997 nationalist intellectuals, politicians, and religious leaders formed the largest far-right advocacy group, Japan Conference (Nippon kaigi), formed as a result of the merger between the two ... |date=2009 |page=69 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781135172787 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=The Passenger |title=The Passenger: Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miQlEAAAQBAJ&dq=far-right+Nippon+Kaigi&pg=PT73 |quote= Every year far-right nationalist groups – including Nippon Kaigi – private citizens and government officials visit the Yasukuni Shrine. Many wear uniforms or clothing linked to the Imperial Army and display the Japanese imperial flag. |date=2020 |publisher=Europa Editions |isbn=9781609456429 }}</ref> [[Conservatism|ultra-conservative]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan emperor greets at celebration hosted by conservatives |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/japan-emperor-greets-celebration-hosted-conservatives-66873043 |quote=Abe's key ultra-conservative supporter, Nippon Kaigi, or Japan Conference, was among the organizers Saturday. |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=9 November 2019 |date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120080034/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/japan-emperor-greets-celebration-hosted-conservatives-66873043 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ultra-nationalist school linked to Japanese PM accused of hate speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/15/ultra-nationalist-school-moritomo-gakuen-linked-to-japanese-pm-shinzo-abe-accused-of-hate-speech |quote=Abe and Kagoike, who has indicated he will resign as principal, both belong to an ultra-conservative lobby group whose members include more than a dozen cabinet ministers. |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=15 March 2017 |date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027132700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/15/ultra-nationalist-school-moritomo-gakuen-linked-to-japanese-pm-shinzo-abe-accused-of-hate-speech |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo's new governor defies more than glass ceiling |url=https://www.dw.com/en/tokyos-new-governor-defies-more-than-glass-ceiling/a-19443490 |quote=In 2008, she made an unsuccessful run at the LDP's chairmanship. Following her defeat, she worked to build an internal party network and became involved in a revisionist group of lawmakers that serves as the mouthpiece of the ultraconservative Nippon Kaigi ("Japan Conference") movement. |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=2 August 2016 |date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120153349/https://www.dw.com/en/tokyos-new-governor-defies-more-than-glass-ceiling/a-19443490 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nippon Kaigi]] organization.<ref name="apjjf">[http://apjjf.org/2016/21/Mizohata.html Nippon Kaigi: Empire, Contradiction, and Japan’s Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912072355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8490524.stm |date=12 September 2018 }}. ''Asia-Pacific Journal''. Author – Sachie Mizohata. Published 1 November 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2020.</ref> The new movement has advocated re-establishing Japan as a military power and pushed revisionist historical narratives denying events such as the [[Nanking Massacre]].<ref name="apjjf" />

A [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom]] was held on 18 September 2014. The proposal was defeated, with 55.3% voting against independence. In a [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|2016 referendum]], the British populace unexpectedly voted to withdraw the United Kingdom from the [[European Union]] (known as ''[[Brexit]]''). As the promise of continued European Union membership was a core feature of the anti-independence campaign during the Scottish referendum, there have been [[proposed second Scottish independence referendum|calls for a second referendum on Scottish independence]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sturgeon says second independence vote 'a matter of when, not if' |author=Brooks, Libby |date=9 May 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/may/09/scottish-indyref2-battle-distraction-covid-michael-gove |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616183439/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/may/09/scottish-indyref2-battle-distraction-covid-michael-gove |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bolsonaro with US President Donald Trump in White House, 19 March 2019.jpg|thumb|Brazilian Former President [[Jair Bolsonaro]], sometimes called the "Tropical Trump", with United States President [[Donald Trump]]]]
The [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 United States presidential campaign]] saw the unprecedented rise of [[Donald Trump]], a businessman with no political experience who ran on a populist/nationalist platform and struggled to gain endorsements from mainstream political figures, even within his own party. Trump's slogans "''Make America Great Again''" and "''America First''" exemplified his campaign's repudiation of globalism and its staunchly nationalistic outlook. His unexpected victory in the election was seen as part of the same trend that had brought about the [[Brexit]] vote.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lure of Greatness: England's Brexit and America's Trump |author=Barnett, Anthony |year=2017 |publisher=Random House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRWXDgAAQBAJ&q=trump+brexit|isbn=978-1783524549 }}</ref> On 22 October 2018, two weeks before the mid-term elections President Trump openly proclaimed that he was a nationalist to a cheering crowd at a rally in Texas in support of re-electing Senator [[Ted Cruz]] who was once an adversary.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/22/trump-nationalist-926745| title=Trump: 'I'm a nationalist'| website=[[Politico]]| date=22 October 2018| access-date=23 October 2018| archive-date=4 December 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204143604/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/22/trump-nationalist-926745| url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 October 2018 Trump equated nationalism to patriotism, saying "I<nowiki>'m proud of this country and I call that ''nationalism.''</nowiki><ref name="gearanWaPo13nov18">{{cite news |last1=Gearan |first1=Anne |title=Trump refuses to acknowledge the fraught history of nationalism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-refuses-to-acknowledge-the-fraught-history-of-nationalism/2018/11/13/35fd0694-e76a-11e8-a939-9469f1166f9d_story.html |access-date=14 November 2018 |date=13 November 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114025039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-refuses-to-acknowledge-the-fraught-history-of-nationalism/2018/11/13/35fd0694-e76a-11e8-a939-9469f1166f9d_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, [[Rodrigo Duterte]] became president of the [[Philippines]] running a distinctly nationalist campaign. Contrary to the policies of his recent predecessors, he distanced the country from the Philippines' former ruler, the United States, and sought closer ties with China (as well as Russia).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs |author=Teehankee, Julio C. |journal=Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs |date=2016 |url=https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jsaa/article/download/1010/1022 |access-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025034/https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jsaa/article/download/1010/1022 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2017, Turkish nationalism propelled President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] to gain unprecedented power in a [[2017 Turkish constitutional referendum|national referendum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In Supporting Erdogan, Turks Cite Economic and Religious Gains |author=Kingsley, Patrick |date=17 April 2017 |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/world/europe/turkey-referendum-erdogan.html |access-date=30 July 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730225347/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/world/europe/turkey-referendum-erdogan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Reactions from world leaders were mixed, with Western European leaders generally expressing concern<ref>{{cite news|title=European Leaders Say Vote Shows 'Deeply Divided' Turkey|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-04-17/merkel-and-gabriel-say-respect-right-of-turks-to-decide-on-constitution|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021014414/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-04-17/merkel-and-gabriel-say-respect-right-of-turks-to-decide-on-constitution|url-status=live}}</ref> while the leaders of many of the more authoritarian regimes as well as President Trump offered their congratulations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/turkey/1.783894|title=Trump Called Erdoğan to Congratulate Him on Referendum Results|date=2017-04-18|work=Haaretz|access-date=2017-04-18|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917193434/http://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/turkey/1.783894|url-status=live}}</ref>