Editing Moscow (section)

== Moscow rings ==
Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

# The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ([[Boulevard Ring]]), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called [[Bely Gorod]] (White Town).<ref name="golden-ring">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |title=Along the Moscow Golden Ring |publisher=Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center |access-date=5 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723084926/http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2006 }}</ref> The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a [[horseshoe-shaped]] arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the [[Yauza River]].
# The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso ([[Garden Ring]]). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.<ref name="golden-ring" /> [[File:ISS-38 Nighttime image of Moscow, Russia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Moscow as viewed from the [[International Space Station]], 29 January 2014]]
# The [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]], was completed in 2003 as a high-speed [[freeway]].
# The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.

Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of [[Moscow Metro]] is a circle-shaped [[Loop line (railway)|looped]] subway line (hence the name ''Koltsevaya Liniya'', literally "ring line"), which is located between the ''Sadovoye Koltso'' and Third Transport Ring.

Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts":
* Line 14. Since 10 September 2016, ''[[Moscow Central Circle]]'' renovated railroad (former ''Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga'') was introduced as Line 14 of [[Moscow Metro]]. The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).
* Line 11. Another circle metro line - ''Big Circle Line'' (''[[Bolshaya Koltsevaya line|Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya]]'') is under construction and will be finished in 2023. [[Kakhovskaya (Moscow Metro)|Kakhovskaya]]-[[Savyolovskaya (Bolshaya Koltsevaya line)|Savyolovskaya]] western half of the line was launched in late 2021.

The outermost ring within Moscow is the [[Moscow Ring Road]] (often called ''MKAD'', acronym word for Russian ''Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога''), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself).
* Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of ''Betonka'' roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.

In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called ''CKAD'' - ''Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga'', ''Central Ring Road'') is now under construction beyond the MKAD.

===Transport rings in Moscow===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Length
! Name
! Type
|-
| 9&nbsp;km || [[Boulevard Ring]] – Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring) || Road
|-
| 16&nbsp;km || [[Garden Ring]] – Sadovoye Koltso ("B") || Road
|-
| 19&nbsp;km || [[Koltsevaya line]] (Line 5) || Metro
|-
| 35&nbsp;km || [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]] – Third Transport Ring – Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK) || Road
|-
| 54&nbsp;km || [[Little Ring of the Moscow Railway]], re-opened as [[Moscow Central Circle]] (MCC) – Line 14 || Railway
|-
| 20.2&nbsp;km || [[Bolshaya Koltsevaya line]] – Line 11 || Metro
|-
| 109&nbsp;km || [[Moscow Automobile Ring Road]] – Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD) || Road
|}