Editing Modafinil (section)

==History==
Modafinil was developed in France by [[neurophysiology]] professor [[Michel Jouvet]] and Lafon Laboratories. It is part of a series of benzhydryl sulfinyl compounds, including [[adrafinil]], initially used as a treatment for narcolepsy in France in 1986.<ref name="Denis-2021" /> Modafinil, the primary metabolite of [[adrafinil]],<ref name="pmid19810941">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ballas CA, Kim D, Baldassano CF, Hoeh N | title = Modafinil: past, present and future | journal = Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 449–457 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 19810941 | doi = 10.1586/14737175.2.4.449 | s2cid = 32939239 }}</ref> has been prescribed in France since 1994 under the name Modiodal,<ref name="Denis-2021" /> and in the United States since 1998 as Provigil.<ref name="Provigil FDA label" /> Unlike modafinil, adrafinil does not have FDA approval and was withdrawn from the French market in 2011.<ref name="DrugBank-Adrafinil">{{cite web | url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB08925 | title=Adrafinil | publisher=The Governors of the University of Alberta | date=May 14, 2021 | access-date=May 14, 2021 | archive-date=May 16, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516092402/https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB08925 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The FDA approved modafinil in 1998 for [[narcolepsy]] treatment, and later for [[shift work sleep disorder]] and [[obstructive sleep apnea]] in 2003.<ref name="Provigil FDA label" /><ref name="U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-2001">{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Provigil (Modafinil) NDA# 20717 | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=September 10, 2001 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/98/020717A_Provigil.cfm | access-date=March 1, 2024 | archive-date=March 1, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301182513/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/98/020717A_Provigil.cfm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pmid22363762">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kesselheim AS, Myers JA, Solomon DH, Winkelmayer WC, Levin R, Avorn J | title = The prevalence and cost of unapproved uses of top-selling orphan drugs | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = e31894 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22363762 | pmc = 3283698 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0031894 | veditors = Alessi-Severini S | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731894K }}</ref> It was approved in the UK in December 2002. In the United States, modafinil is marketed by [[Cephalon]],<ref name="thepharmaletter-1995">{{cite web | url=https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/cephalon-modafinil | title=Cephalon: Modafinil – Pharmaceutical industry news | date=October 8, 1995 | work=The Pharma Letter | access-date=November 15, 2023 | archive-date=November 15, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115191229/https://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/cephalon-modafinil | url-status=live }}</ref> who acquired the rights from Lafon and purchased the company in 2001.<ref name="thepharmaletter-1995"/>

Cephalon introduced armodafinil, the (''R'')-enantiomer of modafinil, in the United States in 2007. Generic versions of modafinil became available in the US in 2012 after extensive patent litigation.<ref name="pmid24773330">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gellad WF, Choi P, Mizah M, Good CB, Kesselheim AS | title = Assessing the chiral switch: approval and use of single-enantiomer drugs, 2001 to 2011 | journal = The American Journal of Managed Care | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = e90–e97 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24773330 }}</ref><ref name="generic-provigil">{{cite web | url=https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-provigil.html | title=Generic Provigil Availability | publisher=[[Drugs.com]] | date=November 2023 | access-date=November 15, 2023 | archive-date=November 15, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115191917/https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-provigil.html | url-status=live }}</ref>