Editing Measles (section)

===Vaccination===
{{Main|Measles vaccine}}
Prior to the introduction of vaccines, more than 2 million deaths and 30 million cases were estimated to occur annually around the world.<ref name="Rot2016" /> In 1954, [[John Enders]] and [[Thomas C. Peebles]] isolated the measles virus from a 13-year-old boy from the United States, David Edmonston. Enders was one of the researchers experienced with propagating [[poliovirus]], paving the way for the [[Polio vaccine|Salk vaccine]], and used similar techniques to grow the Edmonston strain in human kidney tissue, then amniotic membrane [[tissue culture]], and finally [[Chicken as biological research model|chick embryo culture]]. This created a virus capable of replicating and generating immunity, but not of causing disease, a process called [[Attenuated vaccine|attenuation]].<ref name="Pink Book" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Jeffrey P. |date=1 September 2011 |title=The First Measles Vaccine |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/128/3/435/30684/The-First-Measles-Vaccine?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Pediatrics |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=435–437 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-1430 |pmid=21873696 |issn=0031-4005 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818112556/https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/128/3/435/30684/The-First-Measles-Vaccine?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> While at [[Merck & Co.|Merck]], [[Maurice Hilleman]] used the Edmonston B strain to develop the first successful measles vaccine, which became widely available in the United States in 1963.<ref name="Pink Book" /><ref>{{cite journal | title = Measles prevention | journal = MMWR Supplements | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–18 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2513473 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041753.htm | archive-date = 15 May 2012 | access-date = 10 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515055632/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041753.htm | url-status = live | author1 = Centers for Disease Control (CDC) }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Offit PA |title=Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian |isbn=978-0-06-122796-7 |year=2007 }}</ref> An improved measles vaccine became available in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |title=Measles: Questions and Answers |publisher=Immunization Action Coalition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124052237/http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> The measles vaccine was combined with the [[mumps vaccine]] and [[rubella vaccine]], which are similar [[Attenuated vaccine|live vaccines]] given at the same ages, to create the [[MMR vaccine]]. It was licensed for use in the United States in 1971. The MMR vaccine was combined with the [[varicella vaccine]] to create the [[MMRV vaccine]], which was licensed in 2005.<ref name="Pink Book" />