Editing Marburg virus disease (section)

=== 2004–2005 outbreak ===
In early 2005, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) began investigating an outbreak of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]] in [[Angola]], which was centered in the northeastern [[Uíge Province]] but also affected many other provinces. The Angolan government had to ask for international assistance, as there were only approximately 1,200 doctors in the entire country and provinces that had few as two. Health care workers also complained about a shortage of basic [[personal protective equipment]]. [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF) reported that when their team arrived at the provincial hospital at the center of the outbreak, they found it operating without water and electricity. [[Contact tracing]] was complicated by the fact that the country's roads and other infrastructure were devastated after nearly three decades of [[Angolan War of Independence|civil war]] and the countryside remained littered with [[land mine]]s.<ref name="Roddy2010" />

Americo Boa Vida Hospital in the Angolan capital, [[Luanda]], set up a special isolation ward to treat patients from the countryside. Due to the high fatality rate of MVD, some people came to be suspicious of and hostile towards hospitals and medical workers. For instance, a specially-equipped isolation ward at the provincial hospital in Uíge was reported to be empty during much of the epidemic, even though the facility was at the center of the outbreak. WHO was forced to implement what it described as a "harm reduction strategy" by distributing disinfectants to affected families who refused hospital care. Of the 252 people who contracted MVD, 227 died.<ref name="Roddy2010">{{Cite journal |last=Roddy |first=P. |last2=Thomas |first2=S. L. |last3=Jeffs |first3=B. |last4=Nascimento Folo |first4=P. |last5=Pablo Palma |first5=P. |last6=Moco Henrique |first6=B. |last7=Villa |first7=L. |last8=Damiao Machado |first8=F. P. |last9=Bernal |first9=O. |last10=Jones |first10=S. M. |last11=Strong |first11=J. E. |last12=Feldmann |first12=H. |last13=Borchert |first13=M. |year=2010 |title=Factors Associated with Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever: Analysis of Patient Data from Uige, Angola |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=201 |issue=12 |pages=1909–1918 |doi=10.1086/652748 |pmc=3407405 |pmid=20441515}}</ref><ref name="Hovette2005">{{Cite journal |last=Hovette |first=P. |year=2005 |title=Epidemic of Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola |journal=Médecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Santé Colonial |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=127–128 |pmid=16038348}}</ref><ref name="Ndayimirije2005">{{Cite journal |last=Ndayimirije |first=N. |last2=Kindhauser |first2=M. K. |year=2005 |title=Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever in Angola—Fighting Fear and a Lethal Pathogen |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=352 |issue=21 |pages=2155–2157 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp058115 |pmid=15917379 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Towner2006">{{Cite journal |last=Towner |first=J. S. |last2=Khristova |first2=M. L. |last3=Sealy |first3=T. K. |last4=Vincent |first4=M. J. |last5=Erickson |first5=B. R. |last6=Bawiec |first6=D. A. |last7=Hartman |first7=A. L. |last8=Comer |first8=J. A. |last9=Zaki |first9=S. R. |last10=Ströher |first10=U. |last11=Gomes Da Silva |first11=F. |last12=Del Castillo |first12=F. |last13=Rollin |first13=P. E. |last14=Ksiazek |first14=T. G. |last15=Nichol |first15=S. T. |year=2006 |title=Marburgvirus Genomics and Association with a Large Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Angola |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=80 |issue=13 |pages=6497–6516 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00069-06 |pmc=1488971 |pmid=16775337}}</ref><ref name="Jeffs2007">{{Cite journal |last=Jeffs |first=B. |last2=Roddy |first2=P. |last3=Weatherill |first3=D. |last4=De La Rosa |first4=O. |last5=Dorion |first5=C. |last6=Iscla |first6=M. |last7=Grovas |first7=I. |last8=Palma |first8=P. P. |last9=Villa |first9=L. |last10=Bernal |first10=O. |last11=Rodriguez-Martinez |first11=J. |last12=Barcelo |first12=B. |last13=Pou |first13=D. |last14=Borchert |first14=M. |year=2007 |title=The Médecins Sans Frontières Intervention in the Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Epidemic, Uige, Angola, 2005. I. Lessons Learned in the Hospital |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=196 |pages=S154–S161 |doi=10.1086/520548 |pmid=17940944 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Roddy2007">{{Cite journal |last=Roddy |first=P. |last2=Weatherill |first2=D. |last3=Jeffs |first3=B. |last4=Abaakouk |first4=Z. |last5=Dorion |first5=C. |last6=Rodriguez-Martinez |first6=J. |last7=Palma |first7=P. P. |last8=De La Rosa |first8=O. |last9=Villa |first9=L. |last10=Grovas |first10=I. |last11=Borchert |first11=M. |year=2007 |title=The Médecins Sans Frontières Intervention in the Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Epidemic, Uige, Angola, 2005. II. Lessons Learned in the Community |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=196 |pages=S162–S167 |doi=10.1086/520544 |pmid=17940945 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Roddy2009">{{Cite journal |last=Roddy |first=P. |last2=Marchiol |first2=A. |last3=Jeffs |first3=B. |last4=Palma |first4=P. P. |last5=Bernal |first5=O. |last6=De La Rosa |first6=O. |last7=Borchert |first7=M. |year=2009 |title=Decreased peripheral health service utilisation during an outbreak of Marburg haemorrhagic fever, Uíge, Angola, 2005 |url=http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/41786/1/Roddy%20Haemorrhagic%20fever%20Trans.pdf |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=200–202 |doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.09.001 |pmid=18838150 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809065650/http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/41786/1/Roddy%20Haemorrhagic%20fever%20Trans.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |access-date=2018-04-29 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10144/41786}}</ref>