Editing List of monarchs of Iran (section)

==== Seljuk Empire (1038–1194) ====
{{See also|Seljuk Empire|Seljuk dynasty|List of sultans of the Seljuk Empire}}
[[File:Seljuk Empire (greatest extent).svg|thumb|The [[Seljuk Empire]] under [[Malik-Shah I]]|190px]]
The Seljuk Empire was established by the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] chieftain [[Tughril I]], who invaded the Ghaznavids in the late 1030s.{{sfn|Barthold|1962|pp=107–108}} In 1040, the Seljuks conquered the Ghaznavid-held parts of Iran{{Sfn|Bosworth|2001}}{{Sfn|Ross|1977|p=230}} and over the following decades they established control over most of the Middle East,{{sfn|Barthold|1962|p=108}} ending the Iranian Intermezzo.{{Sfn|Mahendrarajah|2019}} Though they were not of Iranian origin, the Seljuk rulers bolstered their legitimacy by claiming descent from [[Afrasiab]], a legendary figure from the ''[[Shahnameh]]''.''{{Sfn|Davaran|2010|p=157}}''

From the empire's inception, the Seljuk rulers minted coins with the title ''šāhānšāh'' ({{Literal translation|King of Kings}}) in its Persian form,{{sfn|Barthold|1962|p=108}} perhaps adopting it from the Buyids.{{Sfn|Blair|1992|p=6}} Later on, the rulers more prominently used the Arabic title ''[[Sultan|sulṭān]]'' and royal styles such as the Arabic ''malik'' and Persian ''šāh'' were bestowed on vassals.{{sfn|Barthold|1962|p=108}} ''Šāhānšāh'' continued to be used on the majority of Seljuk coinage, sometimes in the new variant "''šāhānšāh'' king of Islam".{{sfn|Tor|2012|p=150}} [[Nishapur]] served as the first capital of the Seljuk Empire. In 1143, the capital was moved to [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] and a few years later it was moved again to [[Isfahan]]. From 1118 onwards, the Seljuk regime became increasingle unstable and rival claimants used various bases of power, including [[Baghdad]], [[Hamadan]], and [[Merv]].{{sfn|Lowe|Yasuhara|2017|loc=The golden age of Islam}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%;"
! width="7%" |Portrait
! width="27%" |Name
! width="32%" |Reign
! width="34%" |Succession
|-
|[[File:Tugrul bey.jpg|65px]]
|[[Tughril I]]
|June/July 1038{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=37}} – 4 September 1063{{sfn|Venning|2023b|loc=Saljuk Sultanate}}<br /><small>(25 years and 2–3 months)</small>
|Initiated the Seljuk conquest of Iran{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=37}}
|-
|[[File:Alp Arslan on throne Majma al-Tawarikh by Hafiz Abru (cropped).png|65px]]
|[[Alp Arslan]]
|4 September 1063 – 15 December 1072{{sfn|Venning|2023b|loc=Saljuk Sultanate}}<br /><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1063|9|4|1072|12|15}})</small>
|Nephew of Tughril I{{Sfn|Daryaee|2012|pp=395–396}}
|-
|[[File:Malik-Shah I (portrait).jpg|65px]]
|[[Malik-Shah I]]
|15 December 1072{{sfn|Venning|2023b|loc=Saljuk Sultanate}} – 14 October 1092{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=64}}<br /><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1072|12|15|1092|10|14}})</small>
|Son of Alp Arslan{{Sfn|Daryaee|2012|pp=395–396}}
|-
|[[File:Gold dinar of the Seljuk sultan Mahmud I, minted at Isfahan in 1093 or 1094.jpg|65px]]
|[[Mahmud I (Seljuk sultan)|Mahmud I]]
|14 October 1092{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=64}} – 1093{{Sfn|Daryaee|2012|pp=395–396}}<br /><small>(c. 1 year)</small>
|Son of Malik-Shah I{{Sfn|Daryaee|2012|pp=395–396}}
|-
|[[File:BarkiyaruqPainting (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Berkyaruq]]
|October/November 1092{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=67}} – 22 December 1104{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=71}}<br /><small>(12 years and 1–2 months)</small>
|Son of Malik-Shah I{{Sfn|Daryaee|2012|pp=395–396}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Malik-Shah II]]
|22 December 1104 – February/March 1105{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=71}}<br /><small>(2–3 months)</small>
|Son of Berkyaruq{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=71}}
|-
|[[File:Muhammad I Tapar (cropped).png|65px]]
|[[Muhammad I Tapar]]
|February/March 1105{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=71}} – 5 August 1118{{sfn|Venning|2023b|loc=Saljuk Sultanate}}<br /><small>(13 years and 5–6 months)</small>
|Son of Malik-Shah I{{Sfn|Daryaee|2012|pp=395–396}}
|-
|[[File:Coin struck under Mughith al-Din Mahmud II, citing governor Inanch Yabghu.jpg|65px]]
|[[Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)|Mahmud II]]
|5 August 1118{{sfn|Venning|2023b|loc=Saljuk Sultanate}} – 11 September 1131{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=101}}<br /><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1118|8|5|1131|9|11}})</small>
|Son of Muhammad I Tapar.{{Sfn|Luther|2001|pp=79–80}} Defeated by his uncle Ahmad Sanjar after eight months of rule, thereafter sultan only in Iraq.{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=99}}
|-
|[[File:Ahmad Sanjar (cropped).jpg|65px]]
|[[Ahmad Sanjar]]
|1118{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}} – 8 May 1157{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=101}}<br /><small>(39 years)</small>
|Son of Malik-Shah I.{{Sfn|Daryaee|2012|pp=395–396}} Previously Seljuk ruler in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]].{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=80}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Dawud (Seljuk sultan)|Dawud]]
|December 1132/January 1133{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=102}}<br /><small>(briefly)</small>
|Son of Mahmud II; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Tughril II]]
|December 1132/January 1133 – October/November 1134{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=121}}<br /><small>(1 year and 10 months)</small>
|Son of Muhammad I Tapar; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud|Mas'ud]]
|October/November 1134{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=121}} – 10 October 1152{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=121}}<br /><small>(18 years)</small>
|Son of Muhammad I Tapar; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Malik-Shah III]]
|October 1152 – December 1152/January 1153{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=121}}<br /><small>(2–3 months)</small>
|Son of Mahmud II; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Muhammad II ibn Mahmud|Muhammad II]]
|December 1152/January 1153{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=140}} – December 1159/January 1160{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=132}}<br /><small>(7 years)</small>
|Son of Mahmud II; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Suleiman of the Seljuk Empire|Suleiman-Shah]]
|22 March{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=135}} – September/October 1160{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=136}}<br /><small>(6–7 months)</small>
|Son of Muhammad I Tapar; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|-
|{{Centre|—}}
|[[Arslan-Shah (Seljuk sultan)|Arslan-Shah]]
|September/October 1160{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=136}} – January/February 1176{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=150}}<br /><small>(15 years and 4 months)</small>
|Son of Tughril II; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|-
|[[File:Tughril III.jpg|65px]]
|[[Toghrul III|Tughril III]]
|January/February 1176{{Sfn|Luther|2001|p=150}} – 1194{{Sfn|Ross|1977|p=307}}<br /><small>(18 years)</small>
|Son of Arslan-Shah; sultan in Iraq{{Sfn|Christie|2020|loc=Dynastic tables and genealogies}}
|}