Editing Languages of Europe (section)

== List of languages ==
{{Further|List of European languages by number of speakers|List of endangered languages in Europe|List of extinct languages of Europe}}
The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only;{{refn|"Europe" is taken as a geographical term, [[Definition of Europe|defined]] by the conventional [[Europe-Asia boundary]] along the Caucasus and the Urals. Estimates for populations geographically in Europe are given for [[transcontinental countries]].|group=nb}} see [[list of languages by number of native speakers]] and [[list of languages by total number of speakers]] for global estimates on numbers of speakers.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The list is intended to include any language variety with an [[ISO 639]] code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] are listed both under "Bavarian" (ISO-639-3 code ''bar'') as well as under "German" (ISO-639-2 code ''de'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relationships to other parts of ISO 639 {{!}} ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/about/relationships |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=iso639-3.sil.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|[[ISO-639|ISO-<br />639]]
! rowspan=2|Classification
! colspan=2|Speakers in Europe
! colspan=2|Official status
|-
!data-sort-type="number" style="width:90pt;"|Native
!data-sort-type="number"|Total
!National{{refn|[[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]], defined as [[United Nations]] member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included.|group=nb}}
!Regional
|-
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || abq || Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi || 49,800<ref>{{e18|abq|Abaza}}</ref> || || || [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || ady || Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || 117,500<ref>{{e18|ady|Adyghe }}</ref> || || || [[Adygea]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Aghul language|Aghul]] || agx || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 29,300<ref>{{e18|agx|Aghul}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Akhvakh language|Akhvakh]] || akv || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 210<ref>{{e18|akv|Akhvakh}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (Shqip)<br />[[Arbëresh]]<br />[[Arvanitika]]<br /> || sq || Indo-European || {{sort|5,367,000|5,367,000<ref>{{e18|sqi|Albanian}}</ref><br />5,877,100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqi|title=Albanian|website=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=12 December 2018}} Population total of all languages of the Albanian [[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]].</ref> (Balkans)}} || || [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]]{{refn|The [[Republic of Kosovo]] is a [[International recognition of Kosovo|partially recognized state]] (recognized by 111 out of 193 UN member states as of 2017).|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}, [[North Macedonia]] || [[Italy]], Arbëresh dialect: [[Sicily]], [[Calabria]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc |title=Norme per la tutela e la valorizzazione della lingua e del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze linguistiche e storiche di Calabria |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806193843/http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc |archive-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Apulia]], [[Molise]], [[Basilicata]], [[Abruzzo]], [[Campania]] <br /> [[Montenegro]] ([[Ulcinj Municipality|Ulcinj]], [[Tuzi Municipality|Tuzi]])
|-
| [[Andi language|Andi]] || ani || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 5,800<ref>{{e18|ani|Andi}}</ref> || || ||  
|-
| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || an || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 25,000<ref>https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448 Report about Census of population 2011 of Aragonese Sociolinguistics Seminar and University of Zaragoza</ref> || 55,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historico.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101002219/http://www.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286|url-status=dead|title=Más de 50.000 personas hablan aragonés|archive-date=1 January 2015|website=Aragón Digital}}</ref>||  || Northern [[Aragon]] (Spain){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}  
|-
| [[Archi language|Archi]] || acq || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 970<ref>{{e18|acq|Archi}}</ref> || || ||  
|-
| [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] || rup || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 114,000<ref>{{e18|rup|Aromanian }}</ref> ||  || || [[North Macedonia]] ([[Kruševo]])
|-
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] ([[Astur-Leonese languages|Astur-Leonese]]) || ast || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 351,791<ref name="ehu.eus">[https://www.ehu.eus/documents/1457190/1547454/Avance+III+Encuesta+Sociolling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Asturias.pdf/aba19c6f-4dab-470c-8a33-157248373072 III Sociolinguistic Study of Asturias (2017)]. Euskobarometro.</ref> || 641,502<ref name="ehu.eus"/> ||  || [[Asturias]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Avar language|Avar]] || av || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 760,000 || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || 500,000<ref>c. 130,000 in Dagestan<!--, c. 400,000 in Azerbaijan's [[Quba-Khachmaz economic region|Quba-Khachmaz Region]] region, technically in Europe (being north of the [[Caucasus]] watershed)-->. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see [[#Immigrant communities]]. {{e18|aze|Azerbaijani }}</ref> || || [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Bagvalal language|Bagvalal]] || kva || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 1,500<ref>{{e18|kva|Bagvalal}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || ba || Turkic, Kipchak || 1,221,000<ref>{{e18|bak|Bashkort }}</ref>||  || || [[Bashkortostan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]] || eu || Basque || 750,000<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114111/http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf |date=21 August 2018 }} (2016).</ref> ||  || || [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]]: [[Basque Autonomous Community]], [[Navarre]] (Spain), [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque|French Basque Country]] (France){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} 
|-
| [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]||bar|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian ||14,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|bar|Bavarian}}</ref>||  || [[Austria]] (as [[German language|German]]) || [[South Tyrol]]
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || be || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 3,300,000<ref>{{e18|bel|Belarusian }}</ref> || || [[Belarus]] ||
|-
| [[Bezhta language|Bezhta]] || kap || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 6,800<ref>{{e18|kap|Bezhta}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] || bs || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian|| 2,500,000<ref>{{e18|bos|Bosnian}}</ref> || || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] || ''[[Kosovo]]{{refn|The [[Republic of Kosovo]] is a [[International recognition of Kosovo|partially recognized state]] (recognized by 111 out of 193 UN member states as of 2017).|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}'', [[Montenegro]]
|-
| [[Botlikh language|Botlikh]] || bph || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 210<ref>{{e18|bph|Botlikh}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]] || br || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic || 206,000<ref>{{e18|bre|Breton}}</ref>||  || || None, de facto status in [[Brittany]] (France)
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|| bg || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern || 7,800,000<ref>{{e18|bul|Bulgarian }}</ref> || || [[Bulgaria]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece)
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || ca|| Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance || 4,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cat/|title=Catalan|date=19 November 2019}}</ref> || 10,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/|title=Informe sobre la Situació de la Llengua Catalana &#124; Xarxa CRUSCAT. Coneixements, usos i representacions del català.|website=blogs.iec.cat}}</ref> || [[Andorra]] || [[Balearic Islands]] (Spain), [[Catalonia]] (Spain), [[Valencian Community]] (Spain), easternmost [[Aragon]] (Spain){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] (France){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Alghero]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Chamalal language|Chamalal]] || cji || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 500<ref>{{e18|cji|Chamalal}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || ce || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh ||1,400,000<ref>{{e18|che|Chechen }}</ref>|| || || [[Chechnya]] & [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || cv || Turkic, Oghur || 1,100,000<ref>{{e18|chv|Chuvash }}</ref> || || || [[Chuvashia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]||cim|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian || 400<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|cim|Cimbrian}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Cornish language|Cornish]] || kw || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic || 563<ref>{{cite web |title=Main language (detailed) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS024/editions/2021/versions/3 |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=31 July 2023}} (UK 2021 Census)</ref> || || || [[Cornwall]] (United Kingdom){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Corsican language|Corsican]] || co || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 30,000<ref name=Corsican>{{e18|cos|Corsican }}</ref>|| 125,000<ref name=Corsican/> || || [[Corsica]] (France), [[Sardinia]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] || crh || Turkic, Kipchak || 480,000<ref>{{e18|crh|Crimean Tatar }}</ref> || ||  || [[Crimea]] (Ukraine)
|-
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]] || hr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian || 5,600,000<ref>{{e18|hrv|Croatian }}</ref>|| || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]] || [[Burgenland]] (Austria), [[Vojvodina]] ([[Serbia]])
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || cs || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak || 10,600,000<ref>{{e18|ces|Czech }}</ref> || || [[Czech Republic]] ||
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] ||da || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 5,500,000<ref>{{e18|dan|Danish }}</ref>|| || [[Denmark]] || [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark), [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)<ref>recognized as official language in Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Flensburg and Rendsburg-Eckernförde ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG])</ref>
|-
| [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] ||dar||Northeast Caucasian, Dargin||490,000<ref>{{e18|dar|Dargwa}}</ref>|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || nl|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian || 22,000,000<ref>{{e18|nld|Dutch }}</ref> || 24,000,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taalunieversum.org/inhoud/feiten-en-cijfers |title=Feiten en cijfers - Wat iedereen zou moeten weten over het Nederlands |publisher=Rijksoverheid |access-date=27 December 2017 |language=nl |date=11 January 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321083122/http://taalunieversum.org/inhoud/feiten-en-cijfers |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> || [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]] ||
|-
| [[Elfdalian]] || ovd || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 2000 || || || 
|-
| [[Emilian dialects|Emilian]] || egl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || || || 
|
|-
| [[English language|English]] || en || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic || 63,000,000<ref>{{e18|eng|English }}</ref>|| 260,000,000<ref name=EU2012>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |date=6 January 2016 }}, [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf Data for EU27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |date=29 April 2013 }}, published in 2012.</ref> || [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Malta]], [[United Kingdom]] || 
|-
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] || myv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic || 120,000<ref>{{e18|myv|Erzya}}</ref>|| || || [[Mordovia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || et || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 1,165,400<ref>{{e18|est|Estonian }}</ref>|| || [[Estonia]] ||
|-
| [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] || ext || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 200,000<ref>{{e18|ext|Extremaduran}}</ref>|| || ||
|-
| [[Fala language|Fala]] || fax || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 11,000<ref>{{e18|fax|Fala}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || fo || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 66,150<ref>{{e18|fao|Faroese }}</ref> || || || [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark)
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || fi || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 5,400,000<ref>{{e18|fin|Finnish }}</ref>|| || [[Finland]] || [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal (Arpitan)]] || frp || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance || 140,000<ref>{{e18|frp|Franco-Provençal}}</ref> ||  || || [[Aosta Valley]] (Italy)
|-
| [[French language|French]] || fr || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 81,000,000<ref>{{e18|fra|French }}</ref>|| 210,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Monaco]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jersey]]|| [[Aosta Valley]]<ref name=statut>{{cite book|title=Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Article 38, Title VI |publisher=Region Vallée d'Aoste |url=http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp |access-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104223214/http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp |archive-date= 4 November 2011 }}</ref> (Italy)
|-
| [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] || fry<br />frr<br /> stq || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian || 470,000<ref>{{e18|fry|Frisian}}</ref>||  || || [[Friesland]] (Netherlands), [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)<ref>recognized as official language in the Nordfriesland district and in Helgoland 
 ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG]).</ref>
|-
| [[Friulan language|Friulan]] || fur || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 600,000<ref>e18|fur|Friulan</ref> || || || [[Friuli]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] || gag || Turkic, Oghuz || 140,000<ref>{{e18|gag|Gagauz}}</ref>||  || || [[Gagauzia]] (Moldova)
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]] || gl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 2,400,000<ref>{{e18|glg|Galician }}</ref> ||  || || [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (Spain), [[Eo-Navia (comarca)|Eo-Navia]] ([[Asturias]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Bierzo]] ([[Province of León]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} and [[Sanabria (comarca)|Western Sanabria]] ([[Province of Zamora]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || de || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 97,000,000<ref>
includes:
bar [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]],
cim [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]],
ksh [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]],
sli [[Silesian German|Lower Silesian]],
vmf [[East Franconian German|Mainfränkisch]],
pfl [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]],
swg [[Swabian German]],
gsw [[Swiss German]],
sxu [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]],
wae [[Walser German]],
wep [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]],
wym [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]],
yec [[Yenish language|Yenish]],
yid [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]];
see [[German dialects]].
</ref> || 170,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Switzerland]] || [[South Tyrol]],<ref>[http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf |date=26 November 2018 }} (1972), Art. 99–101.</ref> [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]<ref name="regione.fvg.it">{{cite web| url = https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/cultura-sport/patrimonio-culturale/comunita-linguistiche/FOGLIA7/| title = Official website of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia}}</ref> (Italy)
|-
| [[Godoberi language|Godoberi]] || gin || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 130<ref>{{e18|gdo|Godoberi}}</ref>||  || || 
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || el || Indo-European, Hellenic || 13,500,000<ref>11 million in Greece, out of 13.4 million in total. {{e18|ell|Greek }}</ref>|| || [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]] || [[Albania]] (Finiq, Dropull)
|-
| [[Hinuq language|Hinuq]] || gin || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 350<ref>{{e18|gin|Hinuq}}</ref>||  || || 
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || hu || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric || 13,000,000<ref>{{e18|hun|Hungarian }}</ref> || || [[Hungary]] || [[Burgenland]] (Austria), [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia), [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Subcarpathia]] ([[Ukraine]]), [[Prekmurje]], ([[Slovenia]])
|-
| [[Hunzib language|Hunzib]] || bph || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 1,400<ref>{{e18|huz|Hunzib}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || is || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 330,000<ref>{{e18|isl|Icelandic }}</ref> || || [[Iceland]] ||
|-
| [[Ingrian language|Ingrian]] || izh || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 120<ref>{{e18|izh|Ingrian }}</ref>||  || || 
|-
| [[Ingush language|Ingush]] || inh || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh || 300,000<ref>{{e18|inh|Ingush }}</ref>||  || || [[Ingushetia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || ga || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic || 240,000<ref>{{e18|gle|Irish }}</ref>|| 2,000,000 || [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]|| [[Northern Ireland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Istriot language|Istriot]] || ist || Indo-European, Romance || 900<ref>{{e18|ist|Istriot }}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] || ruo || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 1,100<ref>{{e18|ruo|Istro-Romanian }}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || it || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 65,000,000<ref>{{e18|ita|Italian }}</ref>|| 82,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Switzerland]], [[Vatican City]] || [[Istria County]] (Croatia), [[Slovenian Istria]] (Slovenia)
|-
| [[Judeo-Italian languages|Judeo-Italian]] || itk || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian|| 250<ref>{{e18|itk|Judeo-Italian }}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino)]] || lad || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 320,000<ref>{{e18|lad|Judaeo-Spanish}}</ref>|| few<ref>[[SIL Ethnologue]]:
"Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts."
ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain.</ref>|| || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[France]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || kbd ||Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || 530,000<ref>{{e18|kbd|Kabardian }}</ref>|| || || [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] & [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kaitag language|Kaitag]] || xdq || Northeast Caucasian, Dargin || 30,000<ref>{{e18|xdq|Kaitag}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] || xal || Mongolic || 80,500<ref>{{e18|xal|Oirat}}</ref>|| || || [[Kalmykia]] (Russia) 
|-
| [[Karata language|Karata]] || kpt || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 260<ref>{{e18|kpt|Karata}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Karelian language|Karelian]] || krl || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 36,000<ref>{{e18|krl|Karelian}}</ref>|| || || [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]] || krc || Turkic, Kipchak || 300,000<ref>{{e18|krc|Karachay-Balkar}}</ref>|| || || [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] & [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] || csb || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic || 50,000<ref>{{e18|csb|Kashubian }}</ref>|| || || [[Poland]]
|-
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || kk || Turkic, Kipchak || 1,000,000<ref>About 10 million in Kazakhstan. {{e18|kaz|Kazakh }}. [[Border between Europe and Asia|Technically]], the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan ([[Atyrau Region]], [[West Kazakhstan Region]]) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million.</ref> || || [[Kazakhstan]] || [[Astrakhan Oblast]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Khwarshi language|Khwarshi]] || khv || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 1,700<ref>{{e18|khv|Khwarshi}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Komi language|Komi]] || kv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic || 220,000<ref>220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. 
Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers. {{e18|kom|Komi}}</ref> || || || [[Komi Republic]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kubachi language|Kubachi]] || ugh || Northeast Caucasian, Dargin || 7,000<ref>{{e18|ugh|Kubachi}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] || kum || Turkic, Kipchak || 450,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls |title=2010 Russian Census |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173252/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kven language|Kven]] || fkv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 2,000-10,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kvensk språk |url=https://kvener.no/kvenene/kvensk-sprak/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Norske kveners forbund |language=nb-NO}}</ref>|| || || [[Norway]]
|-
| [[Lak language|Lak]] || lbe || Northeast Caucasian, Lak || 152,050<ref>{{e18|lbe|Lak}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]] || la || Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan|| extinct || few<ref>[[Contemporary Latin]]: People fluent in Latin as a second language are probably in the dozens, not hundreds. [[Reginald Foster (Latinist)|Reginald Foster]] (as of 2013) estimated "no more than 100" according to Robin Banerji, [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21412604 Pope resignation: Who speaks Latin these days?], BBC News, 12 February 2013.</ref> || [[Vatican City]] ||
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || lv || Indo-European, Baltic || 1,750,000<ref>{{e18|lav|Latvian }}</ref>|| || [[Latvia]] ||
|-
| [[Lezgin language|Lezgin]] || lez || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 397,000<ref>{{e18|lez|Lezgic}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] || lij || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 500,000<ref>{{e18|lij|Ligurian}}</ref>|| || [[Monaco]] ([[Monégasque dialect]] is the "national language")|| [[Liguria]] (Italy), [[Carloforte]] and [[Calasetta]] ([[Sardinia]], Italy)<ref name="sardegna">{{cite web|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sardegna2">{{cite web|title=Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305131152/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Limburgish]] || li<br />lim || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian || 1,300,000 (2001)<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Redirected|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/archive-redirect|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref> || || || [[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]] (Belgium), [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] (Netherlands)
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || lt || Indo-European, Baltic || 3,000,000<ref>{{e18|lit|Lithuanian }}</ref>|| || [[Lithuania]] ||
|-
| [[Livonian language|Livonian]] || liv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 1<ref>{{cite web|title="Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns" – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem|url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vecaki-un-berni/kuldalaps-zeltaberns--izdota-libiesu-valodas-gramata-berniem-un-vecakiem.a478524/|date=2022-10-18|publisher=Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji (LSM.lv)|accessdate=2022-10-22}}</ref> || 210<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701 |title=LĪBIEŠU VALODAS SITUĀCIJA |access-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||[[Latvia]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} || 
|-
| [[Lombard language|Lombard]] || lmo || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 3,600,000<ref>{{e18|lmo|Lombard }}</ref>|| || || [[Lombardy]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Low German|Low German (Low Saxon)]] || nds<br />wep|| Indo-European, Germanic, West || 1,000,000<ref name=nds>2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009. [http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/print-archiv/printressorts/digi-artikel/?ressort=ra&dig=2009%2F02%2F21%2Fa0171&cHash=e05509f6d9/ Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet"]. Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21.&nbsp;Februar 2009.
However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as "moribund".Jan Wirrer: ''Zum Status des Niederdeutschen.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik.'' 26, 1998, S.&nbsp;309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue. {{e18|nds|Low German}}, {{e18|wep|Westphalian}}</ref>|| 2,600,000<ref name=nds/> || || [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)<ref>The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under "German" as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. In the wake of the ratification of the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] (1998), Schleswig-Holstein has explicitly recognized Low German as a regional language with official status ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG]).</ref><!--allegedly also [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Niedersachsen]], but found no source-->

|-
| [[Ludic language|Ludic]] || lud || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 300<ref>{{e18|lud|Ludic}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Luxembourgish]] || lb || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 336,000<ref name=ltz>{{e18|ltz|Luxembourgish }}</ref> || 386,000<ref name=ltz/> || [[Luxembourg]] || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || mk || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern || 1,400,000<ref>{{e18|mkd|Macedonian }}</ref> || || [[North Macedonia]] ||
|-
| [[East Franconian German|Mainfränkisch]]||vmf|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper || 4,900,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|vmf|Main-Franconian}}</ref>|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || mt || Semitic, Arabic || 520,000<ref>{{e18|mlt|Maltese }}</ref> ||  || [[Malta]] ||
|-
| [[Manx language|Manx]] || gv || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic || 230<ref>{{e18|glv|Manx }}</ref> || 2,300<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man |title=How the Manx language came back from the dead |last1=Whitehead |first1=Sarah |date=2 April 2015 |website=[[theguardian.com]]|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> ||  || [[Isle of Man]]
|-
| [[Mari language|Mari]] || chm<br />mhr<br />mrj || Uralic, Finno-Ugric || 500,000<ref>{{e18|chm|Mari }}</ref> || || || [[Mari El]] (Russia)
|-
|[[Meänkieli]]
|fit
|Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic
|40,000<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Meänkieli nu och då |url=https://www.isof.se/nationella-minoritetssprak/meankieli/lar-dig-mer-om-meankieli/meankieli-nu-och-da |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.isof.se |language=sv}}</ref>
|55,000<ref name=":2" />
|
|[[Sweden]]
|-
| [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] || ruq || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 3,000<ref>{{e18|ruq|Megleno-Romanian }}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Minderico language|Minderico]] || drc || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 500<ref>{{e18|drc|Minderico}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || mwl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 15,000<ref>{{e18|mwl|Mirandese }}</ref>|| || || [[Miranda do Douro]] (Portugal)
|-
| [[Moksha language|Moksha]] || mdf || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic || 2,000<ref>{{e18|mdf|Moksha}}</ref>|| || || [[Mordovia]] (Russia)
|-
|[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] || cnr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian || 240,700<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ME/languages|title=Montenegro|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-04-29|language=en}}</ref> || || [[Montenegro]] ||
|-
| [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] || nap || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 5,700,000<ref>{{e18|nap|Neapolitan }}</ref>|| ||  || [[Campania]] (Italy)<ref>In 2008, law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected. {{cite web |url=http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |title=Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano |work=Il Denaro |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=22 June 2013 |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727043316/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> 
|-
| [[Nenets language|Nenets]] || yrk || Uralic, Samoyedic || 4,000<ref>total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]])</ref> || || || [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Nogai language|Nogai]] || nog || Turkic, Kipchak || 87,000<ref>{{e18|nog|Nogai}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Norman language|Norman]] || nrf || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 50,000<ref>{{e18|nrf|Jèrriais }}</ref>|| || || [[Guernsey]] (United Kingdom), [[Jersey]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || no || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 5,200,000<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nor|title=Norwegian|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en}}</ref>||  || [[Norway]] ||
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || oc || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance|| 500,000<ref>{{e18|oci|Occitan}}.
Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status.</ref> || || || [[Catalonia]] (Spain){{refn|The [[Aranese dialect]], in [[Val d'Aran]] county.|group=nb|name=Aranese}}
|-
| [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] || os || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern || 450,000<ref>Total 570,000, of which 450,000 in the Russian Federation. {{e18|oss|Ossetian}}</ref> ||  ||  || [[North Ossetia-Alania]] (Russia), [[South Ossetia]]
|-
| [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]]||pfl|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central ||1,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|pfl|Palatinate German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Picard language|Picard]] || pcd || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 200,000<ref>{{e18|pcd|Picard }}</ref>||  || || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] || pms || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 1,600,000<ref>{{e18|pms|Piedmontese }}</ref>|| || || [[Piedmont]] (Italy)<ref>Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament in 1999. [http://www.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/mzodgint/jsp/AttoSelezionato.jsp?ATTO=61118 Motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, ''Approvazione da parte del Senato del Disegno di Legge che tutela le minoranze linguistiche sul territorio nazionale – Approfondimenti'', approved unanimously on 15 December 1999], [http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/odg1118.pdf Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, ''Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno 1118''].</ref> 
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]] || pl || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic || 38,500,000<ref>{{e18|pol|Polish }}</ref> || || [[Poland]] ||
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || pt || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 10,000,000<ref>{{e18|por|Portuguese }}</ref>|| || [[Portugal]] ||
|-
| [[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]] || fur<br />lld<br />roh || Indo-European, Romance, Western || 370,000<ref>Includes [[Friulian language|Friulian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], [[Ladin language|Ladin]]. {{e18|fur|Friulian}} {{e18|lld|Ladin }} {{e18|roh|Romansch }}</ref>|| || [[Switzerland]] || [[Veneto]] [[Province of Belluno|Belluno]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[South Tyrol]],<ref>[http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf |date=26 November 2018 }} (1972), Art. 102.</ref> & [[Trentino]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian (Platt)]] || ksh || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 900,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|ksh|Kölsch}}</ref>|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Romagnol dialects|Romagnol]] || rgn || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || || || ||
|-
| [[Romani language|Romani]] || rom || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western || 1,500,000<ref>
{{e18|rmn|Romani, Balkan}}
{{e18|rml|Romani, Baltic}}
{{e18|rmc|Romani, Carpathian}}
{{e18|rmf|Romani, Finnish}}
{{e18|rmo|Romani, Sinte}}
{{e18|rmy|Romani, Vlax }}
{{e18|rmw|Romani, Welsh}}</ref> ||  || || [[Kosovo]]{{refn|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}<ref>[[Constitution of Kosovo]], [http://kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf p. 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113028/http://www.kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf |date=11 October 2017 }}</ref> 
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || ro || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern ||24,000,000<ref>{{e18|ron|Romanian }}</ref>|| 28,000,000<ref name="28mil">{{cite web|title=Româna|url=http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro|website=unilat.org|publisher=[[Latin Union]]|access-date=2 April 2018|language=ro|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029141605/http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[Moldova]], [[Romania]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia)
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || ru || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 106,000,000<ref name=rus>L1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in [[European Russia]]), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. 
L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia. {{e18|rus|Russian}}.</ref> || 160,000,000<ref name=rus/> || [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[Gagauzia]] (Moldova), [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (Moldova), [[Ukraine]]
|-
| [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] || rue || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 70,000<ref>{{e18|rue|Rusyn}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
|[[Rutul language|Rutul]] || rut || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 36,400<ref>{{e18|rut|Rutul}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Sami languages|Sami]] || se || Uralic, Finno-Ugric || 23,000<ref>mostly [[Northern Sami]] (sma), ca. 20,000 speakers; smaller communities of [[Lule Sami]] (smj, c. 2,000 speakers) and other variants. {{e18|sme|Northern Sami}}, {{e18|smj|Lule Sami}}
{{e18|sma|Southern Sami}}, {{e18|sjd|Kildin Sami}}, {{e18|sms|Skolt Sami}}, {{e18|smn|Inari Sami}}.</ref> || || [[Norway]] || [[Sweden]], [[Finland]]
|-
| [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] || sc || Indo-European, Romance || 1,350,000<ref>AA. VV. ''Calendario Atlante De Agostini 2017'', Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2016, p. 230</ref>||  || || [[Sardinia]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Scots language|Scots]] || sco || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic ||110,000<ref>{{e18|sco|Scots }}</ref>|| || || [[Scotland]] (United Kingdom), [[County Donegal]] (Republic of Ireland), [[Northern Ireland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic]] || gd || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic ||57,000<ref>{{e18|gla|Gaelic, Scottish }}</ref>|| || || [[Scotland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || sr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian ||9,000,000<ref>{{e18|srp|Serbian }}</ref> || || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]]{{refn|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}, [[Serbia]] || [[Croatia]], [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[North Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]]
|-
| [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] || scn || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian ||4,700,000<ref>{{e18|scn|Sicilian }}</ref> || || || [[Sicily]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Silesian language|Silesian]] || szl || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic ||522,000<ref>{{e19|szl|Silesian }}</ref> || || ||
|-
| [[Silesian German]]||sli|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 11,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|sli|Lower Silesian}}</ref>|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || sk || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak ||5,200,000<ref>{{e18|slk|Slovak }}</ref> || || [[Slovakia]] || [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia), [[Czech Republic]]
|-
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || sl || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western ||2,100,000<ref>{{e18|slv|Slovene }}</ref> || || [[Slovenia]] || [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]<ref name="regione.fvg.it"/> (Italy)
|-
| [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian (Wendish)]] || wen || Indo-European, Slavic, West||20,000<ref>{{e18|hsb|Sorbian, Upper }}</ref>|| || || [[Brandenburg]] & [[Sachsen]] (Germany)<ref>GVG § 184 Satz 2; VwVfGBbg § 23 Abs. 5; SächsSorbG § 9, right to use Sorbian in communication with the authorities guaranteed for the "Sorbian settlement area" (''Sorbisches Siedlungsgebiet'', [[Lusatia]]).</ref>
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || es || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian ||47,000,000<ref>{{e18|spa|Spanish }}</ref> ||76,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Spain]] || [[Gibraltar]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Swabian German]]||swg|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 820,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|swg|Swabian German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || sv || Indo-European, Germanic, North ||11,100,000<ref name=sv>{{e18|swe|Swedish }}</ref>|| 13,280,000<ref name=sv/> || [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Åland]] and [[Estonia]] ||
|-
| [[Swiss German]]||gsw|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 5,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|swg|Swiss German}}</ref>||  || [[Switzerland]] (as [[German-speaking Switzerland|German]]) || 
|-
| [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] || tab || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 126,900<ref>{{e18|tab|Tabassaran }}</ref>|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] || ttt || Indo-European, Iranian, Western || 30,000<ref>
{{e18|ttt|Tat}}, {{e18|jdt|Judeo-Tat}}
2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including [[Judeo-Tat]]). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the [[South Caucasus]].</ref>|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tatar language|Tatar]] || tt || Turkic, Kipchak ||4,300,000<ref>{{e18|tat|Tatar}}</ref> || || || [[Tatarstan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tindi language|Tindi]] || tin || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 2,200<ref>{{e18|tin|Tindi}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Tsez language|Tsez]] || ddo || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 13,000<ref>{{e18|ddi|Tsez}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || tr || Turkic, Oghuz||15,752,673<ref>c. 12 million in [[European Turkey]], 0.6 million in Bulgaria, 0.6 million in Cyprus and Northern Cyprus; and 2,679,765 L1 speakers in other countries in Europe according to a [[Eurobarometer]] survey in 2012: https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish</ref> || || [[Turkey]], [[Cyprus]] || [[Northern Cyprus]]
|-
| [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] || udm || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic ||340,000<ref>{{e18|udm|Udmurt}}</ref> || ||  || [[Udmurtia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || uk || Indo-European, Slavic, East||32,600,000<ref>{{e18|ukr|Ukrainian }}</ref>|| || [[Ukraine]] || [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (Moldova)
|-
| [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]||sxu|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 2,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|sxu|Upper Saxon German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Veps language|Vepsian]] || vep || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic ||1,640<ref>Russian Census 2010. {{e18|vep|Veps}}</ref>||  || || [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Venetian language|Venetian]] || vec || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian ||3,800,000<ref>{{e18|vec|Venetian }}</ref>|| || || [[Veneto]] (Italy)<ref>A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the [[Regional Council of Veneto]] in 2007. {{cite web |url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html?numLegge=8&annoLegge=2007&tipoLegge=Alr |title=Consiglio Regionale Veneto – Leggi Regionali |publisher=Consiglioveneto.it |access-date=2009-05-06 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240526190947/https://www.webcitation.org/6ILc8Mb9J?url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html%3FnumLegge=8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Võro language|Võro]] || vro || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic ||87,000<ref>{{e18|vro|Võro }}</ref> ||  || || [[Võru County]] (Estonia)
|-
| [[Votic language|Votic]] || vot || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 21<ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Walloon language|Walloon]] || wa || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl ||600,000<ref>{{e18|wln|Walloon }}</ref>||  || || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Walser German]]||wae|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 20,000<ref>[[Highest Alemannic]] dialects, {{e18|wae|Walser German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || cy || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic ||562,000<ref>{{e18|cym|Welsh }}</ref>|| 750,000 ||  || [[Wales]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]]||wym|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 70<ref>Moribund German dialect spoken in [[Wilamowice]],
 Poland. 70 speakers recorded in 2006. {{e18|wym|Wymysorys}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Yenish language|Yenish]]||yec|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 16,000<ref>{{e18|yec|Yenish}}</ref>|| ||  || [[Switzerland]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] || yi || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German ||600,000<ref>Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in Ukraine. {{e18|yid|Yiddish }}, {{e18|ydd| Eastern Yiddish }}, {{e18|yih|Western Yiddish }}</ref>|| ||  || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Netherlands]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Poland]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Romania]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Sweden]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Ukraine]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Zeelandic]] || zea || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian	|| 220,000<ref>{{e18|zea|Zeelandic}}</ref> || || || 
|}

=== Languages spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, and Turkey ===
There [[Definition of Europe|are various definitions of Europe]], which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|[[ISO-639|ISO-<br />639]]
! rowspan=2|Classification
! colspan=2| Speakers in expanded geopolitical Europe 
! colspan=2|Official status
|-
!data-sort- type="number" style="width:90pt;"|L1
!data-sort-type="number"|L1+L2
!National{{refn|[[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]], defined as [[United Nations]] member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included.|group=nb}}
!Regional
|-
| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || ab || Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi || Abkhazia/Georgia:<ref>Abkhazia is a de facto state recognized by Russia and a handful of other states, but considered by Georgia to be ruling over a Georgian region</ref> 191,000<ref>{{e18|abk|Abkhazian}}</ref><br />Turkey: 44,000<ref name=Lewis>{{cite web
  | editor-last = Lewis
  | editor-first = M. Paul 
  | title = Ethnologue report for Turkey (Asia)
  | work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World
  | publisher = SIL International
  | year = 2009
  | url = http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA
  | access-date = 2009-09-08
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065422/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA
  | archive-date = 2010-07-07
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>|| ||Abkhazia||Abkhazia 
|-
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] (West Circassian) || ady || Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || Turkey: 316,000<ref name=Lewis/>|| || || 
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || sq || Indo-European, Albanian || Turkey: 66,000 (Tosk)<ref name=Lewis/> || || || 
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || ar || Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, West || Turkey: 2,437,000 <small>Not counting post-2014 Syrian refugees</small><ref name="Lewis"/> || || || 
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || hy || Indo-European, Armenian || [[Armenia]]: 3 million<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/file/article/1._bajin_5_583-664.pdf|title=Armenian 2011 census data, chapter 5}}</ref><br />Azerbaijan: 145,000 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />Georgia: around 0.2 million ethnic Armenians <small>(Abkhazia: 44,870<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnabkhazia.html| title = Ethno-Caucasus – Население Кавказа – Республика Абхазия – Население Абхазии}}</ref>)</small><br />Turkey: 61,000<ref name=Lewis/><br />Cyprus: 668<ref name="CoE 2014">{{cite report |author=Council of Europe|date=2014-01-16|title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Fourth periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. CYPRUS|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/Report/PeriodicalReports/CyprusPR4_en.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|3}} || || Armenia<br />Azerbaijan|| Cyprus
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || Azerbaijan 9 million{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<ref>Azeri community in Dagestan excluded</ref><br />Turkey: 540,000<ref name=Lewis/><br />[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] 0.2 million|| || Azerbaijan ||
|-
| [[Bats language|Batsbi]] || bbl || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: 500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1041.html|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=www.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|- 
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || bg || Indo-European, Slavic, South || [[Turkey]]: 351,000<ref name=Lewis/> || || || 
|-
| [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] || crh || Turkic, Kipchak || [[Turkey]]: 100,000<ref name=Lewis/> || || ||
|-
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || ka || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: 3,224,696<ref name=GeorgiaCensus/> <br /> [[Turkey]]: 151,000<ref name=Lewis/> <br /> [[Azerbaijan]]: 9,192 ethnic Georgians<ref name="Azer2009">[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|date=30 November 2012 }}</ref> || || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] || 
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || el || Indo-European, Hellenic || Cyprus: 679,883<ref name="Euromosaic">{{cite web|title=Cyprus|work=Euromosaic III|url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/documents/cy_en.pdf|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2.2}} <br /> Turkey: 3,600<ref name=Lewis/> || || Cyprus || 
|-
| [[Juhuri language|Juhuri]] || jdt || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest || Azerbaijan: 24,000 (1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html |title=Ethnologue: Azerbaijan |publisher=Tedsnet.de |date= |accessdate=2021-12-03 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922172424/http://tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|-
| [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || kur || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest || Turkey: 15 million<ref name="pop">[[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups:
Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009),
Central: 6.75M (2009),
Southern: 3M (2000),
Laki: 1M (2000).
The Swedish ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]'' listed Kurdish in its "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers.
</ref><br />Azerbaijan: 9,000{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <!-- number is for ethnic Kurds--> || || ||
|-
| [[Kurmanji]] || kmr || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest || Turkey: 8.13 million<ref>{{cite journal| title=Mutual intelligibility of a Kurmanji and a Zazaki dialect spoken in the province of Elazığ, Turkey | publisher=De Gruyter academic publishing | date= 1 December 2021 | doi=10.1515/applirev-2020-0151 | last1=Ozek | first1=Fatih | last2=Saglam | first2=Bilgit | last3=Gooskens | first3=Charlotte | journal=Applied Linguistics Review | volume=14 | issue=5 | pages=1411–1449 | s2cid=244782650 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <br />Armenia: 33,509<ref name="armstat.am">{{cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|title=Article|website=armstat.am}}</ref><br />Georgia: 14,000 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <!-- number is for ethnic Kurds--> || || || Armenia
|-
| [[Laz language|Laz]] || lzz || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan || Turkey: 20,000<ref name="laz_ethnologue">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lzz |title=Laz |work=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref> <br /> Georgia: 2,000<ref name="laz_ethnologue"/> || || || 
|-
| [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] || ruq || Indo-European, Italic, Romance, East || Turkey: 4–5,000<ref>[[Thede Kahl]] (2006): The islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in present-day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34:01, p80-81: "Assuming that nearly the total population of Nânti emigrated, then the number of emigrants must have been around 4,000. If the reported number of people living there today is added, the whole Meglen Vlachs population is c. 5,000. Although that number is only a rough estimate and may be exaggerated by the individual interviewees, it might correspond to reality."</ref><!-- note this is ethnic population, not speakers. Fix when possible--> || || || 
|-
| [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || xmf || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan || Georgia (including Abkhazia): 344,000<ref>{{cite web| url = http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10906| title = Endangered Languages Project: Mingrelian}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Pontic Greek language|Pontic Greek]] || pnt || Indo-European, Hellenic || Turkey: greater than 5,000<ref name="Özkan">{{cite journal|last=Özkan|first=Hakan|title=The Pontic Greek spoken by Muslims in the villages of Beşköy in the province of present-day Trabzon|journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies|year=2013|volume=37|issue=1|pages=130–150|doi=10.1179/0307013112z.00000000023}}</ref><br />Armenia: 900 ethnic [[Caucasus Greeks]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf| title = 2011 Armenian Census}}</ref><br />Georgia: 5,689 [[Caucasus Greeks]]<ref name=GeorgiaCensus>{{cite web |url = http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |title = 2014 Georgian census |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205175903/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || || ||
|-
| [[Romani language]] and [[Domari language]] || rom, dmt || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic || Turkey: 500,000<ref name=Lewis/> || || ||
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || ru || Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic || Armenia: 15,000<ref name="demoscope251">{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|script-title=ru:Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве|publisher=Demoscope.ru|access-date=2016-08-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025204352/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|archive-date=2016-10-25|title= }}</ref><br />Azerbaijan: 250,000<ref name="demoscope251"/><br />Georgia: 130,000<ref name="demoscope251"/> || Armenia: about 0.9 million<ref name="demoscope329">{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|script-title=ru:Русскоязычие распространено не только там, где живут русские|website=demoscope.ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023011719/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|archive-date=2016-10-23|title= }}</ref> <br /> Azerbaijan: about 2.6 million<ref name="demoscope329"/><!-- 26% fluent in Russian--><br /> Georgia: about 1 million<ref name="demoscope329"/><!-- 27% fluent in Russian--><br />Cyprus: 20,984<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&print |script-title=el:Στατιστική Υπηρεσία – Πληθυσμός και Κοινωνικές Συνθήκες – Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Ανακοινώσεις – Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού, 2011 |language=el |publisher=Demoscope.ru |access-date=2013-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507080606/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&print |archive-date=2013-05-07 |title= }}</ref> || Abkhazia<br />South Ossetia || Armenia <br /> Azerbaijan
|-
| [[Svan language|Svan]] || sva || Kartvelian, Svan || Georgia (incl. Abkhazia): 30,000<ref>{{cite web| url = http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3042| title = Endangered Languages Project: Svan}}</ref> || || ||
|-
| [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] || ttt || Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Southwest || Azerbaijan: 10,000<ref name="John M. Clifton 2005">John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.487.2395&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Sociolinguistic Situation of the Tat and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan,"] In Clifton, ed., Studies in Languages of Azerbaijan, vol. 2 (Azerbaijan & St Petersburg, Russia: Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan & SIL International 2005). Page 3.</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || tr || Turkic, Oghuz || Turkey: 66,850,000<ref name=Lewis/> <br /> Cyprus: 1,405<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite book |date=June 2013 |chapter=Population enumerated by age, sex, language spoken and district (1.10.2011) (sheet D1A) |title=Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, 2011 |publisher=CYstat |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F/$file/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG-EN-140613.xls?OpenElement}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> + 265,100 in the North<ref name=census2006>{{cite web|url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |title=Census.XLS |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120824/http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><!-- it is known that 99.9% of North Cypriots speak Turkish but it would be nice if we had a source actually counting number of speakers here-->|| || Turkey <br /> Cyprus <br /> Northern Cyprus ||
|-
| [[Zaza language|Zazaki]] || zza || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest || Turkey: 3–4 million (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://linguistlist.org/multitree/|title=Multitree &#124; The LINGUIST List|website=linguistlist.org|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.5 - Zaza |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/zaza1246 |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref> || || ||
|}