Editing Ketamine (section)

== History ==
Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by [[Calvin L. Stevens]],<ref name="Sachdeva_2023" /> a professor of chemistry at [[Wayne State University]] and a [[Parke-Davis]] consultant. It was known by the developmental code name ''CI-581''.<ref name="Sachdeva_2023" /> After promising preclinical research in animals, ketamine was tested in [[Experimentation on prisoners|human prisoners]] in 1964.<ref name="pmid20693870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Domino EF |title=Taming the ketamine tiger. 1965 |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=678–84 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20693870 |doi=10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ed09a2 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> These investigations demonstrated ketamine's short duration of action and reduced behavioral toxicity made it a favorable choice over [[phencyclidine]] (PCP) as an anesthetic.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corssen G, Domino EF | title = Dissociative anesthesia: further pharmacologic studies and first clinical experience with the phencyclidine derivative CI-581 | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–40 | date = January–February 1966 | pmid = 5325977 | doi = 10.1213/00000539-196601000-00007 | s2cid = 29516392 }}<!-- full text pdf available free at url given --></ref> The researchers wanted to call the state of ketamine anesthesia "dreaming", but Parke-Davis did not approve of the name. Hearing about this problem and the "disconnected" appearance of treated people, Mrs. Edward F. Domino,<ref name="pmid27965560">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Vlisides PE | title = Ketamine: 50 Years of Modulating the Mind | journal = Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 612 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27965560 | pmc = 5126726 | doi = 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00612 | url = | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> the wife of one of the pharmacologists working on ketamine, suggested "dissociative anesthesia".<ref name="pmid20693870" /> Following FDA approval in 1970, ketamine anesthesia was first given to American soldiers during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="CESAR" />

The discovery of antidepressive action of ketamine in 2000<ref name="pmid10686270">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS, Krystal JH |title=Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients |journal=Biol Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=351–4 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10686270 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00230-9 |s2cid=43438286 }}</ref> has been described as the single most important advance in the treatment of depression in more than 50 years.<ref name="pmid28395988" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019" /> It has sparked interest in NMDA receptor antagonists for depression,<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Chaffrey J | url = https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/yale-researchers-study-potential-treatment-for-depression-in-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/2742209/ | title = Yale Researchers Study Potential Treatment for Depression in Patients With Parkinson's Disease | work = NBC Connecticut | date = 16 March 2022 | access-date = 19 March 2022 | archive-date = 19 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319160153/https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/yale-researchers-study-potential-treatment-for-depression-in-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/2742209/ | url-status = live }}</ref> and has shifted the direction of antidepressant research and development.<ref name="pmid27960559">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhir A | title = Investigational drugs for treating major depressive disorder | journal = Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–24 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27960559 | doi = 10.1080/13543784.2017.1267727 | s2cid = 45232796 }}</ref>