Editing Inquisition (section)

== Manuals for Inquisitors ==
Over the centuries that it lasted, several procedure manuals for inquisitors were produced for dealing with different types of heresy. The primordial text was Pope Innocent IV's bull, ''Ad Extirpanda'', from 1252, which in its thirty-eight laws details in detail what must be done and authorizes the use of torture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ad Extirpanda|url=https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01p/1252-05-15,_SS_Innocentius_IV,_Bulla_'Ad_Extirpanda',_EN.pdf|access-date=25 April 2024|website=documentacatholicaomnia.eu}}</ref> Of the various manuals produced later, some stand out: by Nicholas Eymerich, ''Directorium Inquisitorum,'' written in 1376; by  Bernardo Gui, ''Practica inquisitionis heretice pravitatis,'' written between 1319 and 1323. Witches were not forgotten: the book ''Malleus Maleficarum ("the witches' hammer"),'' written in 1486, by Heinrich Kramer, deals with the subject.{{Sfnp|Saraiva|2001|p=43-45}}

In Portugal, several ''"Regimentos"'' (four) were written for the use of the inquisitors, the first in 1552 at the behest of the inquisitor [[Henry, King of Portugal|Cardinal D. Henrique]] and the last in 1774, this sponsored by the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]], himself a ''familiar''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freitas |first=Jordão de |title=O Marquez de Pombal e o Santo Oficio da Inquisição (Memoria enriquecida com documentos inéditos e facsimiles de assignaturas do benemerito reedificador da cidade de Lisboa) |date=1916 |publisher=Soc. Editora José Bastos |pages=10, 106, 122 |language=pt |trans-title=The Marquis of Pombal and the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Memoir enriched with unpublished documents and facsimiles of signatures of the benevolent rebuilder of the city of Lisbon)}}</ref> of the inquisition. The Portuguese 1640 Regiment determined that each court of the Holy Office should have a Bible, a compendium of canon and civil law, Eymerich's ''Directorium Inquisitorum,'' and [[Diego de Simancas]]' ''Catholicis institutionibus''.{{sfnp|Saraiva|2001|p=43-45}}

In 1484, Spanish inquisitor Torquemada,  based in Nicholas Eymerich's  ''Directorium Inquisitorum'', wrote his twenty eight articles code, ''Compilación de las instrucciones del oficio de la Santa Inquisición'' (i.e. Compilation of the instructions of the office of the Holy Inquisitio''n).'' Later additions would be made, based on experience, many by the canonist Francisco Peña.{{sfnp|Pérez|2005|p=135}}{{sfnp|Sabatini|1930|pp=142, 147}}
=== Malleus Maleficarum ===
{{Main| Malleus Maleficarum }}
Dominican priest [[Heinrich Kramer]] was assistant to the Archbishop of Salzburg, a sensational preacher, and an appointed local inquisitor.  Historian [[Malcolm Gaskill]] calls Kramer a "superstitious psychopath".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gaskill|first=Malcolm|title=Witchcraft : A very short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-923695-4|page=23}}</ref> 

In 1484 Kramer requested that [[Pope Innocent VIII]] clarify his authority to conduct inquisitions into witchcraft throughout [[North Germany|Germany]], where he had been refused assistance by the local ecclesiastical authorities. They maintained that Kramer could not legally function in their areas.<ref>Kors, Alan Charles; Peters, Edward. ''Witchcraft in Europe, 400–1700: A Documentary History''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8122-1751-9}}. p. 177</ref> Despite [[Summis desiderantes affectibus|some support]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/witches1.asp|title=Internet History Sourcebooks Project|website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu|access-date=2019-07-22|archive-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709182850/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/witches1.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> from [[Pope Innocent VIII]],<ref>Darst, David H., "Witchcraft in Spain: The Testimony of Martín de Castañega's Treatise on Superstition and Witchcraft (1529)", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', 1979, vol. 123, issue 5, p. 298</ref> he was expelled from the city of Innsbruck by the local bishop, George Golzer, who ordered Kramer to stop making false accusations. 

Golzer described Kramer as senile in letters written shortly after the incident. This rebuke led Kramer to write a justification of his views on witchcraft in his 1486 book ''[[Malleus Maleficarum]]'' ("Hammer against witches").<ref name=Thurston/> The book distinguishes itself from other demonologies by its obsessive hate of women and sex, seemingly reflecting the twisted psyche of the author.{{sfnp|Burns|2003|p=158-160}}<ref name="LW">{{Cite book|last=Levack|first=Brian|title=The Literature of Witchcraft|publisher=Garland Publishing|year=1992|isbn=0-8153-1026-9|pages=16–17}}</ref> Historian Brian Levack calls it "scholastic pornography".<ref name="LW" /> 

Despite Kramer's claim that the book gained acceptance from the clergy at the [[University of Cologne]], it was in fact condemned by the clergy at Cologne for advocating views that violated Catholic doctrine and standard inquisitorial procedure. In 1538 the Spanish Inquisition cautioned its members not to believe everything the ''Malleus'' said.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jolly|first1=Karen|title=Witchcraft and magic in Europe: the Middle Ages|last2=Raudvere|first2=Catharina|last3=Peters|first3=Edward|publisher=The Athlone Press|year=2002|page=241}}</ref> Despite this, Heinrich Kramer was never excommunicated and even enjoyed considerable prestige till his death.{{Sfnp|Burns|2003|p=160}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Summers|first=Montague|title=Witchcraft and Black Magic|publisher=Dover Publications|year=2000|page=30}}</ref>