Editing Information Age (section)

===Transistors===
{{Main|Transistor|History of the transistor|MOSFET}}
{{Further|Semiconductor device}}

The onset of the Information Age can be associated with the development of [[transistor]] technology.<ref name="Manuel"/> The concept of a [[field-effect transistor]] was first theorized by [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]] in 1925.<ref name="Lee"/> The first practical transistor was the [[point-contact transistor]], invented by the engineers [[Walter Houser Brattain]] and [[John Bardeen]] while working for [[William Shockley]] at [[Bell Labs]] in 1947. This was a breakthrough that laid the foundations for modern technology.<ref name="Manuel">{{Cite book|title= The information age : economy, society and culture|last= Manuel|first= Castells |date= 1996|publisher= Blackwell|isbn= 978-0631215943|location= Oxford|oclc= 43092627}}</ref> Shockley's research team also invented the [[bipolar junction transistor]] in 1952.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web|date=4 December 2013|title=Who Invented the Transistor?|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/|access-date=20 July 2019|website=[[Computer History Museum]]|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213221601/https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |chapter=A Review of MOS Device Physics |chapter-url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |access-date=2019-07-21 |archive-date=2019-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209032130/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The most widely used type of transistor is the [[metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor]] (MOSFET), invented by [[Mohamed M. Atalla]] and [[Dawon Kahng]] at Bell Labs in 1960.<ref name="computerhistory">{{cite journal|title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/|journal=The Silicon Engine|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]|access-date=2019-07-21|archive-date=2019-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027045554/https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[complementary MOS]] (CMOS) fabrication process was developed by [[Frank Wanlass]] and [[Chih-Tang Sah]] in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=1963: Complementary MOS Circuit Configuration is Invented|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/complementary-mos-circuit-configuration-is-invented/|access-date=|website=|archive-date=2019-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723142758/https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/complementary-mos-circuit-configuration-is-invented/|url-status=live}}</ref>