Editing Infectious mononucleosis (section)

==History==
{{Further|Epstein–Barr virus#History}}
The characteristic symptomatology of infectious mononucleosis does not appear to have been reported until the late nineteenth century.<ref name=Altschuler1999>{{cite journal|last=Altschuler|first=EL|title=Antiquity of Epstein-Barr virus, Sjögren's syndrome, and Hodgkin's disease--historical concordance and discordance|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|date=1 September 1999|volume=91|issue=17|pages=1512–3|doi=10.1093/jnci/91.17.1512A|pmid=10469761|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1885, the renowned Russian pediatrician [[Nil Filatov]] reported an infectious process he called "idiopathic adenitis" exhibiting symptoms that correspond to infectious mononucleosis, and in 1889 a German [[balneologist]] and pediatrician, [[Emil Pfeiffer]], independently reported similar cases (some of lesser severity) that tended to cluster in families, for which he coined the term ''Drüsenfieber'' ("glandular fever").<ref name=Evans1974/><ref>Н. Филатов: Лекции об острых инфекционных болезнях у детей [N. Filatov: Lektsii ob ostrikh infeksionnîkh boleznyakh u dietei]. 2 volumes. Moscow, A. Lang, 1887.</ref><ref>E. Pfeiffer: Drüsenfieber. Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde und physische Erziehung, Wien, 1889, 29: 257–264.</ref>

The word ''mononucleosis'' has several [[word sense|senses]],<ref name="Dorlands">{{Citation |author=Elsevier |author-link=Elsevier |title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=Elsevier |url=http://dorlands.com/ |postscript=. Headword "mononucleosis". |access-date=2015-06-28 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111192614/http://dorlands.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but today it usually is used in the sense of infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by EBV.

Around the 1920s, infectious mononucleosis was not known and there were few tests to determine an infection. Before this there were not many cases disclosed besides a few and one of these would take place in 1896. This outbreak infected an Ohio community which ended leaving them devastated. Epidemics seemed to keep reappearing here and there including an outbreak that happened in which 87 people were infected in the Falcon Islands.{{tone inline|date=May 2025}} Some other outbreaks that occurred around this time would include some nurseries and boarding schools and also the U.S. Naval Base, Coronado, California, where hundreds were infected by this virus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://achh.army.mil/history/book-wwii-communicablediseasesv5-chapter13/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=achh.army.mil |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208061649/https://achh.army.mil/history/book-wwii-communicablediseasesv5-chapter13/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term "infectious mononucleosis" was coined in 1920 by Thomas Peck Sprunt and Frank Alexander Evans in a classic clinical description of the disease published in the ''[[Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital]]'', entitled "Mononuclear leukocytosis in reaction to acute infection (infectious mononucleosis)".<ref name=Evans1974>{{cite journal|last=Evans|first=AS|title=The history of infectious mononucleosis|journal=The American Journal of the Medical Sciences|date=March 1974|volume=267|issue=3|pages=189–95|pmid=4363554|doi=10.1097/00000441-197403000-00006}}</ref><ref>Sprunt TPV, Evans FA. Mononuclear leukocytosis in reaction to acute infection (infectious mononucleosis). Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Baltimore, 1920;31:410-417.</ref> A lab test for infectious mononucleosis was developed in 1931 by Yale School of Public Health Professor John Rodman Paul and Walls Willard Bunnell based on their discovery of heterophile antibodies in the sera of persons with the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publichealth.yale.edu/about/background/history/timeline.aspx|title=Historical Timeline {{!}} Yale School of Public Health|website=publichealth.yale.edu|access-date=2019-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619163739/https://publichealth.yale.edu/about/background/history/timeline.aspx|archive-date=2019-06-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Paul-Bunnell Test or PBT was later replaced by the [[heterophile antibody test]].

The Epstein–Barr virus was first identified in [[Burkitt's lymphoma]] cells by [[Anthony Epstein|Michael Anthony Epstein]] and [[Yvonne Barr]] at the [[University of Bristol]] in 1964.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ambinder |first1=Richard F. |last2=Xian |first2=Rena R. |date=2024-04-19 |title=Sir Michael Anthony Epstein (1921–2024) |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2961 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=384 |issue=6693 |pages=274 |doi=10.1126/science.adp2961 |pmid=38635698 |bibcode=2024Sci...384..274A |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> The link with infectious mononucleosis was uncovered in 1967 by Werner and Gertrude Henle at the [[Children's Hospital of Philadelphia]], after a laboratory technician handling the virus contracted the disease: comparison of serum samples collected from the technician before and after the onset revealed development of [[antibody|antibodies]] to the virus.<ref name=Miller2006>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1056/NEJMbkrev39523 |last= Miller |first= George |date= December 21, 2006 |title= Book Review: Epstein–Barr Virus |journal= [[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume= 355 |issue= 25 |pages= 2708–2709 }}</ref><ref name=Henle1968>{{cite journal | vauthors = Henle G, Henle W, Diehl V | title = Relation of Burkitt's tumor-associated herpes-ytpe virus to infectious mononucleosis | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–101 | date = January 1968 | pmid = 5242134 | pmc = 286007 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.59.1.94| bibcode = 1968PNAS...59...94H | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Yale School of Public Health epidemiologist Alfred E. Evans confirmed through testing that mononucleosis was transmitted mainly through kissing, leading to it being referred to colloquially as "the kissing disease".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/25/us/alfred-s-evans-78-expert-on-origins-of-mononucleosis.html|title=Alfred S. Evans, 78, Expert On Origins of Mononucleosis|last=Fountain|first=Henry|date=1996-01-25|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-04|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2019-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043500/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/25/us/alfred-s-evans-78-expert-on-origins-of-mononucleosis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>