Editing Indigenous peoples in Brazil (section)

====Contemporary situation====
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right;"
|-
! colspan="8" |Native Brazilians 1872-2022
|-
! Year
! Population
! <small>% of<br />Brazil</small>
|-
||'''1872'''||386,955||{{steady}} 3.90%
|-
||'''1890'''||1,295,795||{{increase}} 9.04%
|-
||'''1991'''||294,135||{{decrease}} 0.20%
|-
||'''2000'''||734,127||{{increase}} 0.43%
|-
||'''2010'''||817,963||{{steady}} 0.43%
|-
||'''2022'''||1,227,642||{{increase}} 0.60%
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left;" |<small>Source: Brazilian census<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos |url=https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/9605#resultado |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=sidra.ibge.gov.br}}</ref></small>
|}

[[File:Índios isolados no Acre 12.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Members of an [[Uncontacted peoples|uncontacted tribe]] encountered in the Brazilian state of [[Acre (state)|Acre]] in 2009]]
The [[Constitution of Brazil|1988 Brazilian Constitution]] recognizes the right of Indigenous peoples to pursue their traditional ways of life and to the permanent and exclusive possession of their "traditional lands," which are demarcated as [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|Indigenous Territories]].<ref name="constitution">Federal Constitution of Brazil. [http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleVIII.html Chapter VII Article 231] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101070441/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleVIII.html |date=1 January 2011 }}.</ref> Additionally, Indigenous peoples are legally recognized as one of several "[[Traditional peoples in Brazil|traditional peoples]]". In practice, however, Brazil's Indigenous people still face significant threats and challenges to their continued existence and cultural heritage.<ref name="US DoS">{{cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/wha/119150.htm |work=2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |publisher=U.S. Department of State }}</ref> 

The process of land demarcation is slow, often involving protracted legal battles, and [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|FUNAI]] lacks sufficient resources to enforce legal protections on Indigenous lands.<ref name="ISA Intro">{{cite web |title=Indigenous Lands > Introduction > About Lands|url=http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/c/terras-indigenas/introducao/o-que-sao-terras-indigenas|work=Povos Indígenas no Brasil|publisher=Instituo Socioambiental (ISA)|access-date=24 March 2011|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512015415/http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/c/terras-indigenas/introducao/o-que-sao-terras-indigenas|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="US DoS" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Borges |first1=Beto |last2=Combrisson |first2=Gilles |title=Indigenous Rights in Brazil: Stagnation to Political Impasse |url=http://saiic.nativeweb.org/brazil.html|publisher=South and Meso American Indian Rights Center |access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartzman |first1=Stephan |title=Brazil The Legal Battle Over Indigenous Land Rights |journal=NACLA Report on the Americas |date=1 March 1996 |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=36–43 |doi=10.1080/10714839.1996.11725759 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brazilian Indians 'win land case'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7774895.stm|access-date=24 March 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=11 December 2008}}</ref> Since the 1980s, exploitation of the Amazon Rainforest for mining, logging, and cattle ranching had surged, which poses a severe threat to the region's Indigenous population. Settlers illegally encroaching on Indigenous land continue to destroy the environment necessary for traditional ways of life, provoke violent confrontations, and spread disease.<ref name="US DoS" /> 

Groups such as the [[Akuntsu]] and [[Kanoê]] have been pushed to the brink of extinction in the past three decades.<ref name="ISA Akuntsu">{{cite web|title=Introduction > Akuntsu|url=http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/akuntsu |work=Povos Indígenas no Brasil|access-date=8 March 2011|author=Instituto Socioambiental (ISA)}}</ref><ref name="ISA Kanoe">{{cite web|title=Introduction > Kanoê|url=http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/kanoe|work=Povos Indígenas no Brasil|access-date=8 March 2011|author=Instituto Socioambiental (ISA)}}</ref> Deforestation for mining also affects the daily lives of Indigenous tribes in Brazil.<ref name="Paixao 587–597" /> For example, the Munduruku Amerindians have higher levels of mercury poisoning due to gold production in their area.<ref name="Oliveira Santos et al 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Oliveira Santos |first1=Elisabeth C. de |last2=Maura de Jesus |first2=Iracina |last3=Camara |first3=Volney e M. |last4=Brabo |first4=Edilson |last5=Brito Loureiro |first5=Edvaldo C. |last6=Mascarenhas |first6=Artur |last7=Weirich |first7=Judith |last8=Ragio Luiz |first8=Ronir |last9=Cleary |first9=David |title=Mercury exposure in Munduruku Indians from the community of Sai Cinza, state of Para, Brazil |journal=Environmental Research |date=1 October 2002 |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=98–103 |doi=10.1006/enrs.2002.4389 |pmid=12483799 |bibcode=2002ER.....90...98D |osti=20390954 |s2cid=22429649 }}</ref> On 13 November 2012, the national Indigenous people association from Brazil, APIB, submitted a human rights document to the United Nations, detailing complaints about proposed laws in Brazil that would further undermine their rights if approved.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2866 |title=English version of human rights complaint document submitted to the United Nations by the National Indigenous Peoples Organization from Brazil (APIB) |publisher=Earth Peoples |date=13 November 2012 |access-date=19 November 2012 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070014/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2866 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Many terms from Native languages have been incorporated into official [[Brazilian Portuguese]]. For example, "Carioca," the term used to describe people born in the city of Rio de Janeiro, derives from the Tupi-Guaraní word meaning "house of the white (people)."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dicionariotupiguarani.com.br/dicionario/carioca/ |title=Dicionário Ilustrado Tupi-Guarani |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=14 June 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225051010/https://www.dicionariotupiguarani.com.br/dicionario/carioca/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Fulni-ô fala da cultura do seu povo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Fulni-ô representative talks about the culture of his people to schoolchildren in the Botanical Garden of [[Brasília|Brasilia]], in celebration of [[Indigenous Peoples Day (Brazil)|Indian Day]], 2011]]
Within hours of taking office in January 2019, Bolsonaro made two major changes to FUNAI, affecting its responsibility to identify and demarcate [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|Indigenous territories]]. He moved FUNAI from under the Ministry of Justice to the newly created Ministry of Human Rights, Family, and Women, and he delegated the identification of traditional habitats of Indigenous people and their designation as protected territories—a task attributed to FUNAI by the constitution—to the Agriculture Ministry.<ref name="mendes-2019-06-05">{{Cite web|author=Karla Mendes|date=2019-06-05|title=Brazil's Congress reverses Bolsonaro, restores Funai's land demarcation powers|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/06/brazils-congress-reverses-bolsonaro-restores-funais-land-demarcation-powers/|access-date=2019-08-03|publisher=news.mongabay.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Blasberg |first1=Marian |last2=Evers |first2=Marco |last3=Glüsing |first3=Jens |last4=Hecking |first4=Claus |name-list-style=and |date=2019-01-17 |title=Swath of Destruction: New Brazilian President Takes Aim at the Amazon |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel (website)|Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-brazilian-president-s-attack-on-the-amazon-rain-forest-a-1248102.html|access-date=2024-08-30 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819083338/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-brazilian-president-s-attack-on-the-amazon-rain-forest-a-1248102.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bolsonaro argued that these territories had tiny, isolated populations and proposed integrating them into larger Brazilian society. Critics feared that such integration would lead to [[cultural assimilation]] of the Brazilian natives.<ref>{{cite news|date=2 January 2019|title=Brazil's new president makes it harder to define Indigenous lands |work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4808295/jair-bolsonaro-funai-indigenous-farm-brazil/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 January 2019|title=President Bolsonaro 'declares war' on Brazil's indigenous peoples – Survival responds|work=[[Survival International]]|url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/12060}}</ref> Several months later, Brazil's National Congress overturned these changes.

The [[European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement]], which aims to create one of the world's largest free trade areas, has been denounced by environmental activists and Indigenous rights campaigners.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU urged to halt trade talks with S. America over Brazil abuses |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-eu-urged-halt-trade-talks-with-america-over-brazil-abuses |work=France24 |date=18 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EU and Mercosur agree huge trade deal after 20-year talks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48807161 |publisher=BBC News |date=28 June 2019}}</ref> They fear that the deal could lead to increased [[deforestation of the Amazon rainforest]] by expanding market access for Brazilian beef.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |title=We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2019/jul/02/barter-amazon-rainforest-burgers-steaks-brazil |work=The Guardian |date=2 July 2019 }}</ref>

A 2019 report by the Indigenous Missionary Council on Violence Against Indigenous Peoples in Brazil documented an increase in invasions of Indigenous lands by loggers, miners, and land grabbers. The report recorded 160 cases in the first nine months of 2019, up from 96 cases for all of 2017. Additionally, the number of reported killings increased from 110 in 2017 to 135 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Santana |first1=Renato |title=A maior violência contra os povos indígenas é a destruição de seus territórios, aponta relatório do Cimi |url=https://cimi.org.br/2019/09/a-maior-violencia-contra-os-povos-indigenas-e-a-apropriacao-e-destruicao-de-seus-territorios-aponta-relatorio-do-cimi/ |date=24 September 2019 |language=pt-BR |trans-title=The greatest violence against Indigenous peoples is the destruction of their territories, points out a Cimi report }}</ref>

On May 5, 2020, following an investigation by Human Rights Watch (HRW), Brazilian lawmakers released a report examining violence against Indigenous people, Afro-Brazilian rural communities, and others involved in illegal logging, mining, and [[land grabbing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/26/brazil-analyzing-violence-against-amazons-residents|title= Brazil Analyzing Violence Against the Amazon's Residents |access-date=26 May 2020|website=HumanRightsWatch|date= 26 May 2020 }}</ref>