Editing Hungary (section)

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Hungary|List of Hungarian Nobel laureates}}
[[File:Szentgyorgyi Albert es a c vitamin keplete 1937 okt 31 Pesti Naplo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his discovery of [[Vitamin C]]. The [[Nobel Prize]] has been awarded to [[List of Hungarian Nobel laureates|15 Hungarians]]]]
[[File:Hungary-02046 - Budapest University of Technology and Economics (31670993764).jpg|thumb|right|Founded in 1782, the [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]] is the oldest [[institute of technology]] in the world]]

Hungary's achievements in science and technology have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy. Hungary spent 1.61% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on civil research and development in 2020, which is the [[List of countries by research and development spending|25th highest ratio in the world]].<ref name="oecd">{{Cite web|last=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|title=R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP 2020|url=https://www.ksh.hu/science-and-technology#:~:text=In%202017%2C%20HUF%20517%20billion,level%20of%20the%20national%20economy.|access-date=21 April 2022|website=ksh.hu}}</ref> Hungary ranks 32nd among the most innovative countries in the [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg Innovation Index]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Bloomberg Innovation Index|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-innovative-countries/|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> Hungary was ranked 36th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref> In 2014, Hungary counted 2,651 full-time equivalent researchers per million inhabitants, steadily increasing from 2,131 in 2010 and compares with 3,984 in the U.S. or 4,380 in Germany.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6?locations=HU|work=[[World Bank]]|title=Researchers in R&D (per million people)}}</ref> Hungary's high technology industry has benefited from both the country's skilled workforce and the strong presence of foreign high-tech firms and research centres. Hungary also has one of the highest rates of filed patents, the sixth highest ratio of high-tech and medium high-tech output in the total industrial output, the 12th highest research FDI inflow, placed 14th in research talent in business enterprise and has the 17th best overall innovation efficiency ratio in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-economy|work=[[Cornell University]], [[INSEAD]], and the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|title=Global Innovation Index – ANALYSIS – Hungary|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224054436/https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-economy|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The key actor of research and development in Hungary is the National Research, Development and Innovation (NRDI) Office, which is a national strategic and [[Funding of science|funding agency for scientific research, development and innovation]], the primary source of advice on RDI policy for the Hungarian government and the primary RDI funding agency. Its role is to develop RDI policy and ensure that Hungary adequately invest in RDI by funding excellent research and supporting innovation to increase competitiveness and to prepare the RDI strategy of the government, to handle the NRDI Fund and represents the government and RDI community in international organisations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nkfih.gov.hu/the-office|work=NRDI Office|title=The National Research, Development and Innovation Office}}</ref>

Scientific research is supported partly by industry and partly by the state, through universities and by scientific state-institutions such as [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mta.hu/english/mta-and-science-106125|work=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]|title=MTA and Science (Infograpihcs)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://mta.hu/english/mtas-research-centres-and-institutes-106085|work=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]|title=MTA's Research Centres and Institutes}}</ref> Hungary has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. As of 2018, [[List of Hungarian Nobel laureates|thirteen Hungarian scientists]] have been recipients of a [[Nobel Prize]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mta.hu/english/hungarys-nobel-prize-winners-106018|work=[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]|title=Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners}}</ref> Until 2012 three individuals—Csoma, [[János Bolyai]] and Tihanyi—were included in the UNESCO [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World]] register as well as the collective contributions [[Tabula Hungariae]] and [[Bibliotheca Corviniana]]. Contemporary scientists include mathematician [[László Lovász]], physicist [[Albert-László Barabási]], physicist [[Ferenc Krausz]], and biochemist [[Árpád Pusztai]]. Hungary has excellent [[mathematics education]] which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father [[Farkas Bolyai]] and son [[János Bolyai]], who was one of the founders of [[non-Euclidean geometry]]; [[Paul Erdős]], famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose [[Erdős number]]s are still tracked, and [[John von Neumann]], a key contributor in the fields of [[quantum mechanics]] and [[game theory]], a pioneer of digital computing, and the chief mathematician in the [[Manhattan Project]]. Notable Hungarian inventions include the [[lead dioxide]] [[match]] ([[János Irinyi]]), a type of [[carburetor]] ([[Donát Bánki]], [[János Csonka]]), the electric (AC) train engine and generator ([[Kálmán Kandó]]), [[holography]] ([[Dennis Gabor]]), the [[Kalman filter]] ([[Rudolf E. Kálmán]]), and [[Rubik's Cube]] ([[Ernő Rubik]]).