Editing History of Somalia (section)

== Transitional period (2000–2012) ==
{{Main|Politics of Somalia}}
[[File:Somalian embassy in Paris.jpg|thumb|right|Embassy of Somalia in Paris]]

===Transitional National Government===
In 2000, [[Abdiqasim Salad Hassan]] was selected as the President of the nation's new [[Transitional National Government]] (TNG), an interim administration formed to guide Somalia to its third permanent republican government.

On 10 October 2004, in a session held by the [[Transitional Federal Parliament]] (TFP), [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]] was elected as President of the succeeding [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG), an interim federal administrative body that he had helped establish earlier in the year.<ref name="Spmoarc">{{cite web| url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-11/13/content_2213479.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041121085231/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-11/13/content_2213479.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 21 November 2004| title = Somali PM optimistic about rebuilding country}}</ref> He received 189 votes from the TFG Parliament, while the closest contender, erstwhile Somali ambassador to Washington [[Abdullahi Ahmed Addou]], got 79 votes in the third round of voting. The then incumbent President of Somalia, Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, peacefully withdrew his candidature.<ref name="Smenp">{{cite web| url = http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/SO/Somalia%20-%20BBC%20article%20MPs%20elect%20new%20president.doc| title = Somalia MPs elect new president}}</ref><ref name="Rulers">{{cite web| url = http://www.rulers.org/2004-10.html| title = Rulers – Somalia – October 2004}}</ref> Ahmed was sworn in a few days later on 14 October 2004.<ref name="Rulers"/>

===Transitional Federal Institutions===
{{Main|Transitional Federal Institutions|Transitional Federal Government|Transitional Federal Parliament}}
The [[Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG) was the internationally recognised government of Somalia until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm">{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=Forum on China-Africa Cooperation|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> It was established as one of the [[Transitional Federal Institutions]] (TFIs) of government as defined in the [[Transitional Federal Charter]] (TFC) adopted in November 2004 by the [[Transitional Federal Parliament]] (TFP).

The Transitional Federal Government officially comprised the executive branch of government, with the TFP serving as the [[Legislature|legislative]] branch. The government was headed by the [[President of Somalia]], to whom the cabinet reported through the [[Prime Minister of Somalia|Prime Minister]]. However, it was also used as a general term to refer to all three branches collectively.

===Islamic Courts Union and Ethiopian intervention===
{{See also|Battle of Mogadishu (2006)|Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006)|Somalia War (2006–2009)}}
In 2006, the [[Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU), an [[Islamism|Islamist]] organization, assumed control of much of the southern part of the country and promptly imposed [[Shari'a]] law. The Transitional Federal Government sought to reestablish its authority, and, with the assistance of [[Ethiopian National Defense Force|Ethiopian troops]], [[African Union]] peacekeepers and air support by the United States, managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26334.html |title=Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=14 August 2007 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref>

On 8 January 2007, as the [[2007 Battle of Ras Kamboni|Battle of Ras Kamboni]] raged, TFG President and founder Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, a former colonel in the [[Somali Army]] and decorated war hero, entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office. The government then relocated to [[Villa Somalia]] in the capital from its interim location in [[Baidoa]]. This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country.<ref name="Gosppsdott">{{cite web|last=Online |first=Garowe |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=558:somalia-president-parliament-speaker-dispute-over-tfg-term&catid=55:somalia&Itemid=79 |title=Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term |publisher=Garoweonline.com |date=12 January 2011 |access-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131640/http://www.garoweonline.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=558%3Asomalia-president-parliament-speaker-dispute-over-tfg-term&catid=55%3Asomalia&Itemid=79 |archive-date=14 May 2011  }}</ref>

Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including [[Al-Shabaab (Somalia)|Al-Shabaab]], regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USCIRF,,,4a4f272bc,0.html |title=USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees |date=1 May 2009 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005900/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CUSCIRF%2C%2C%2C4a4f272bc%2C0.html |archive-date=10 May 2011  }}</ref>

Owing to a lack of funding and human resources, an [[arms embargo]] that made it difficult to re-establish a national security force, and general indifference on the part of the international community, President Yusuf found himself obliged to deploy thousands of troops from Puntland to Mogadishu to sustain the battle against insurgent elements in the southern part of the country. Financial support for this effort was provided by the autonomous region's government. This left little revenue for Puntland's own security forces and civil service employees, leaving the territory vulnerable to piracy and terrorist attacks.<ref name="Sgtpe">{{cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009.shtml |title=Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009 |publisher=Garoweonline.com |date=25 December 2008 |access-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131633/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2011  }}</ref><ref name="Oagadsgumsp">{{cite web |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html |title=Opening Annual General Assembly Debate, Secretary-General Urges Member States to Press in Tackling Poverty, Terrorism, Human Rights Abuses, Conflicts |publisher=Unis.unvienna.org |access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref>

On 29 December 2008, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed announced before a united parliament in Baidoa his resignation as [[President of Somalia]]. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had mandated to do.<ref name=Resignation>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7802622.stm "Somalia's president quits office"], BBC News, 29 December 2008.</ref> He also blamed the international community for its failure to support the government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per the [[Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic|Charter]] of the Transitional Federal Government.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a790e984-d590-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html "Somali President Yusuf resigns"], Reuters (FT.com), 29 December 2008.</ref>

===Coalition government===
{{See also|Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Hizbul Islam|Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a|Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia|Somali Civil War (2009–present)|2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War}}
[[File:ShabaabFlag.svg|thumb|The battle flag of [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]], an Islamist group waging war against the federal government.]]
Between May 31 and June 9, 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate [[Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia]] (ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in [[Djibouti]] brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia, [[Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah]]. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected [[Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]], the former ARS chairman, to office. President Sharif shortly afterwards appointed [[Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke]], the son of the assassinated former President [[Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke]], as the nation's new Prime Minister.<ref name="2009factbook"/>

With the help of a small team of [[African Union]] troops, the coalition government also began a [[Somali Civil War (2009–present)|counteroffensive]] in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its rule, the TFG formed an alliance with the [[Islamic Courts Union]], other members of the [[Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia]], and [[Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a]], a moderate [[Sufism|Sufi]] militia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kamaal says |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2010/05/un-boss-urges-support-for-somalia-ahead-of-istanbul-summit/ |title=UN boss urges support for Somalia ahead of Istanbul summit |publisher=Horseedmedia.net |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619183438/http://horseedmedia.net/2010/05/un-boss-urges-support-for-somalia-ahead-of-istanbul-summit/ |archive-date=19 June 2010  }}</ref> Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and [[Hizbul Islam]], the two main Islamist groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8318798.stm |title=Islamists break Somali port truce |work=BBC News|date=21 October 2009 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref>

As a truce, in March 2009, Somalia's coalition government announced that it would re-implement Shari'a as the nation's official judicial system.<ref name="Shariah in Somalia">[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=119757&d=1&m=3&y=2009 Shariah in Somalia] – ''[[Arab News]]''</ref> However, conflict continued in the southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the coalition government had gone from holding about 70% of south-central Somalia's conflict zones, territory which it had inherited from the previous Yusuf administration, to losing control of over 80% of the disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.<ref name="Gosppsdott"/>

On 14 October 2010, diplomat [[Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]] (Farmajo) was appointed the new Prime Minister of Somalia. The former Premier Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke resigned the month before following a protracted dispute with President Sharif over a proposed draft constitution.<ref name="Sanpms">{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/somali-american-is-new-prime-minister-in-somalia/ |title=Somali-American is new prime minister in Somalia |publisher=Fox News |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Mohamed Abdullah Omaar.jpg|thumb|Foreign Minister of Somalia [[Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar]] in a meeting with UNDP Administrator [[Helen Clark]] and other diplomats at the UN headquarters in New York.]]
Per the [[Transitional Federal Government]]'s (TFG) [[Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic|Charter]],<ref name="Pasnpmard">{{cite web|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7020386438?Parliament |title=Approves Somalia's New PM After Repeated Delays |publisher=Allheadlinenews.com |date=31 October 2010 |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515182839/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7020386438?Parliament |archive-date=15 May 2011  }}</ref> Prime Minister Mohamed named a new Cabinet on 12 November 2010,<ref name="Nspmusc">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=12131958 |title=New Somali Prime Minister Unveils Smaller Cabinet |publisher=ABC News |date=12 November 2010 |access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref> which has been lauded by the international community.<ref name="Alshspmuhc">{{cite web |url=http://english.alshahid.net/archives/15120 |title=Somali Prime Minister Unveiled His Cabinet |publisher=English.alshahid.net |access-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194929/http://english.alshahid.net/archives/15120 |archive-date=11 May 2011  }}</ref><ref name="Slppc">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/11/27/ap/africa/main7094041.shtml |title=Somali Lawmakers Pass Proposed Cabinet |publisher=CBS News |access-date=30 December 2010 }}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> As had been expected, the allotted ministerial positions were significantly reduced in numbers, with only 18 administrative posts unveiled versus the previous government's bloated 39 portfolios.<ref name="Nspmusc"/><ref name="Spmulc">{{cite web |author=US Secretary of State&nbsp;Hillary Clinton |url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/middle-east/132370-somali-pm-unveils-leaner-cabinet.html |title=Somali PM unveils leaner cabinet |publisher=Thepeninsulaqatar.com |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121211051610/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/middle-east/132370-somali-pm-unveils-leaner-cabinet.html |archive-date=11 December 2012  }}</ref> Only two Ministers from the previous Cabinet were reappointed: Hussein Abdi Halane, the former Minister of Finance and a well-regarded figure in the international community, was put in charge of a consolidated Ministry of Finance and Treasury; and Dr. Mohamud Abdi Ibrahim was reassigned to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.<ref name="Sprunvc">{{cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali_Premier_Unveils_New_Cabinets.shtml |title=Somali Premier Unveils New Cabinet |publisher=Garoweonline.com |date=12 November 2010 |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131621/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somali_Premier_Unveils_New_Cabinets.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2011  }}</ref> [[Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a]], a moderate [[Sufism|Sufi]] group and an important military ally of the TFG, was also accorded the key Interior and Labour ministries.<ref name="Spmulc"/><ref name="Sprunvc"/> The remaining ministerial positions were largely assigned to technocrats new to the Somali political arena.<ref name="Xspmnc">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-11/13/c_13604352.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024243/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-11/13/c_13604352.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2011 |title=Somali PM names new cabinet |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref>

In its first 50 days in office, Prime Minister Mohamed's new administration completed its first monthly payment of stipends to government soldiers, and initiated the implementation of a full biometric register for the security forces within a window of four months. Additional members of the Independent Constitutional Commission were also appointed to engage Somali constitutional lawyers, religious scholars and experts in Somali culture over the nation's upcoming new constitution, a key part of the government's Transitional Federal Tasks. In addition, high level federal delegations were dispatched to defuse clan-related tensions in several regions. According to the prime minister of Somalia, to improve transparency, Cabinet ministers fully disclosed their assets and signed a [[Ethical code|code of ethics]].<ref name="Swscmos">{{cite web|url=http://www.somaliweyn.org/pages/news/Jan_11/15Jan18.html |title=Security Council Meeting on Somalia |publisher=Somaliweyn.org |access-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105060056/http://www.somaliweyn.org/pages/news/Jan_11/15Jan18.html |archive-date=5 January 2014  }}</ref>

An Anti-Corruption Commission with the power to carry out formal investigations and to review government decisions and protocols was also established so as to more closely monitor all activities by public officials. Furthermore, unnecessary trips abroad by members of government were prohibited, and all travel by ministers now require the Premier's consent.<ref name="Swscmos"/><ref name="Spmaigwccwbbtj">{{cite web |url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90029659?Somali_PM%3A_Anyone_in_gov%26%23146%3Bt_who_commits_corruption_will_be_brought_to_justice |title=Somali PM: Anyone in gov't who commits corruption will be brought to justice |publisher=Allheadlinenews.com |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515182825/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/briefs/articles/90029659?Somali_PM%3A_Anyone_in_gov&%23146%3Bt_who_commits_corruption_will_be_brought_to_justice |archive-date=15 May 2011  }}</ref> A budget outlining 2011's federal expenditures was also put before and approved by members of parliament, with the payment of civil service employees prioritized. In addition, a full audit of government property and vehicles is being put into place. On the war front, the new government and its AMISOM allies also managed to secure control of 60% of Mogadishu, where 80% of the capital's population now lives. According to the [[African Union]] and Prime Minister Mohamed, with increasing troop strength the pace of territorial gains is expected to greatly accelerate.<ref name="Swscmos"/><ref name="Mgamisom">{{cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/uploads/AMISOM_Bulletin_No_11.pdf |title=Making Gains – AMISOM forces take new territory |access-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511115655/http://amisom-au.org/uploads/AMISOM_Bulletin_No_11.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011  }}</ref>

On 19 June 2011, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed resigned from his position as Prime Minister of Somalia. Part of the controversial Kampala Accord's conditions, the agreement would also see the mandates of the President, the Parliament Speaker and Deputies extended until August 2012, after which point new elections are to be organized.<ref name="Bbcspmmafr">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13830470 Somalia: PM Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo resigns]. BBC.co.uk (19 June 2011). Retrieved 15 December 2011.</ref> [[Abdiweli Mohamed Ali]], Mohamed's former Minister of Planning and International Cooperation, was later named permanent Prime Minister.<ref name="Nytsnnpm">{{cite news|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|title=Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|access-date=23 June 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 June 2011}}</ref>