Editing History of Portugal (section)

== Crises of the nineteenth century ==
=== Napoleonic era ===
{{Main|History of Portugal (1777–1834)|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves}}
With the [[Invasion of Portugal (1807)|invasions by Napoleon]], Portugal began a decline that lasted until the 20th century, it was hastened by the [[independence of Brazil]] in 1822, the country's largest colonial possession.

In 1807, Portugal refused [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s demand to accede to the [[Continental System]] of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under [[Jean-Andoche Junot|General Junot]] followed, and Lisbon was captured on 8 December 1807. British intervention in the [[Peninsular War]] helped in maintaining Portuguese independence. During the war, [[João VI of Portugal]], the [[prince regent]], transferred his court, including [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]], to the [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese territory of Brazil]], and established [[Rio de Janeiro]] as the capital of the [[Portuguese Empire]].  This episode is known as the [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil]]. The last French troops were expelled in 1812. The war cost Portugal the town of [[Olivenza|Olivença]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ertl|first=Alan W.|title=Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration|year=2008|publisher=Dissertation.com|isbn=978-1-59942-983-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&q=province+Oliven%C3%A7a+peninsular+war&pg=PA303|page=303}}</ref> now governed by Spain. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental state, the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]].
[[File:Portuguese Constitution of 1826.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|The frontispiece of the 1826 Portuguese Constitution featuring King-Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro IV]] and his daughter Queen [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria II]]]]

As a result of the change in its status and arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, [[Economic history of Brazil#The economy at independence, 1822|economical]], military, [[History of education in Brazil|educational]], and [[Brazilian science and technology#History|scientific]] apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. By 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]], which started in [[Porto]], demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Thus he returned to Portugal but left his son Pedro in charge of Brazil. When the Portuguese Government attempted the following year to return the Kingdom of Brazil to subordinate status, his son Pedro, with the overwhelming support of the Brazilian elites, declared [[War of Independence of Brazil|Brazil's independence]] from Portugal. [[Cisplatina]] (today's sovereign state of Uruguay), in the south, was one of the last additions to the territory of Brazil under Portuguese rule.

Brazilian independence was recognized in 1825, whereby Emperor Pedro I granted to his father the titular honour of ''Emperor of Brazil''. John VI's death in 1826 caused serious questions in his succession. Though Pedro was his heir, and reigned briefly as [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro IV]], his status as a Brazilian monarch was seen as an impediment to holding the Portuguese throne by both nations. Pedro abdicated in favour of his daughter, [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria II]]. However, Pedro's brother, [[Miguel I of Portugal|Infante Miguel]], claimed the throne in protest. After a proposal for Miguel and Maria to marry failed, Miguel seized power as King Miguel I, in 1828. In order to defend his daughter's rights to the throne, Pedro launched the [[Liberal Wars]] to reinstall his daughter and establish a constitutional monarchy in Portugal. The war ended in 1834, with Miguel's defeat, the promulgation of a constitution, and the reinstatement of Queen Maria II.

After 1815, the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, in part because many foreign slave ships were flying the Portuguese flag. In [[Portuguese India]], trade flourished in the colony of [[History of Goa|Goa]], with its subsidiary colonies of [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], near Hong Kong on the China coast, and [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]], north of Australia. The Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil.<ref>{{harvp|Livermore|1969|pp=299–306}}</ref><ref>Gervase Clarence-Smith, ''The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism'' (1985)</ref>

=== Constitutional monarchy ===
{{Main|History of Portugal (1834–1910)}}
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|image1 = O Regicídio por Haenen (2).jpg
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|footer = Top to bottom: The [[Lisbon Regicide]] (1908), [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]]'s acclamation as King (1908) and the [[5 October 1910 revolution|Proclamation of the Republic]] (1910)
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Queen Maria II (Mary II) and King [[Ferdinand II of Portugal|Ferdinand II]]'s son, King [[Pedro V]] (Peter V) modernized the country during his short reign (1853–1861). Under his reign, roads, telegraphs, and railways were constructed and improvements in public health advanced. His popularity increased when, during the [[cholera]] outbreak of 1853–1856, he visited hospitals handing out gifts and comforting the sick. Pedro's reign was short, as he died of cholera in 1861, after a series of deaths in the royal family, including his two brothers [[Infante Fernando of Portugal|Infante Fernando]] and [[Infante João, Duke of Beja]], and his wife, [[Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]. Pedro not having children, his brother, [[Luís I of Portugal]] (Louis I) ascended the throne and continued his modernization.

At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. [[Luanda]], [[Benguela]], [[Bissau]], [[Maputo|Lourenço Marques]], [[Porto Amboim]] and the [[Island of Mozambique]] were among the oldest Portuguese-founded port cities in its African territories. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there.

With the [[Berlin Conference (1884)|Conference of Berlin]] of 1884, Portuguese territories in Africa had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the [[Scramble for Africa]]. Portuguese towns and cities in Africa like [[Nova Lisboa]], [[Lubango|Sá da Bandeira]], [[Kuito|Silva Porto]], [[Malanje]], [[Tete, Mozambique|Tete]], [[Vila Junqueiro]], [[Vila Pery]] and [[Vila Cabral]] were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], [[Namibe|Moçâmedes]], [[Lobito]], [[João Belo]], [[Nacala]] and [[Porto Amélia]] were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the [[Benguela railway]] in Angola, and the [[Beira railway]] in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

On 11 January 1890, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] delivered [[1890 British Ultimatum|an ultimatum]] to Portugal, demanding the withdrawal of Portuguese forces from the area between Portugal's colonies of [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]] and [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]]. The area had been claimed by Portugal as part of its colonialist [[Pink Map]] project, but Britain disputed these claims, mostly due to [[Cecil Rhodes]]' aspirations to create a [[Cape to Cairo Railway]], which was intended to link all British colonies via a single railway. The government of Portugal quietly accepted the ultimatum and withdrew their forces from the disputed area, leading to a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public, who viewed acceptance of the British demands as a humiliation.<ref>João Ferreira Duarte, [http://www.erudit.org/revue/TTR/2000/v13/n1/037395ar.pdf The Politics of Non-Translation: A Case Study in Anglo-Portuguese Relations]</ref> It is considered directly responsible for the [[31 January 1891 revolt]], an attempted Republican coup that took place in Porto.<ref name="AR">{{cite web |title=A Revolta Republicana de 31 de janeiro de 1891 |url=https://www.parlamento.pt/Parlamento/Paginas/revolta-republicana-31-janeiro-1891.aspx |website=Assembleia da República |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

The Portuguese territories in Africa were [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cape Verde]], [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]], [[Portuguese Guinea]], [[Angola (Portugal)|Angola]], and [[Mozambique (Portugal)|Mozambique]]. The tiny fortress of [[São João Baptista de Ajudá]] on the coast of [[Dahomey]], was also under Portuguese rule. In addition, Portugal still ruled the Asian territories of [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Timor]] and [[Portuguese Macau]].

On 1 February 1908, King Dom [[Carlos I of Portugal]] and his [[heir apparent]] and his eldest son, [[Luis Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe]], [[Duke of Braganza]], [[Lisbon Regicide|were assassinated in Lisbon]] in the [[Terreiro do Paço]] by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, [[Alfredo Luís da Costa]] and [[Manuel Buíça]]. Under his rule, Portugal had been declared [[bankrupt]]&nbsp;twice – first on 14 June 1892, and then again on 10 May 1902&nbsp;– causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, angry protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. His second and youngest son, [[Manuel II of Portugal]], became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the [[5 October 1910 revolution|5 October 1910 Portuguese republican revolution]], which abolished the monarchy and installed a [[republic]]an government in Portugal, causing him and his royal family to flee into [[exile]] in London, England.