Editing History of Peru (section)

===National reconstruction (1884–1895)===
{{main|National Reconstruction (Peru)}}
After the [[War of the Pacific]], an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began, and military figures once again assumed control of the government due to the perceived weakness of civilian heads of state in a period of constant war, beginning the '''Second Militarism''' ({{langx|es|Segundo Militarismo}}). In contrast to the ''First Militarism'', the military leaders returned to the political arena, but no longer as triumphant heroes, but as the defeated. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms in order to recover from the damage of the war.

During this period, the occupied provinces of Tacna and Arica were subject to a process known as [[Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá|Chilenization]], where Chilean culture was promoted in order to replace Peruvian culture. Groups known as [[Patriotic Leagues (Southern Cone)|Patriotic Leagues]] were also established in order to encourage Peruvians to leave, while Chilean families soon began to emigrate to the region. Those who left established themselves mainly in Callao or participated in the colonization project carried out by the local government in [[Department of Loreto|Loreto]] to counter [[Colombian–Peruvian territorial dispute|Colombian claims]] over the region, establishing the settlements of [[Puerto Arica]] and [[Tarapacá, Amazonas|Tarapacá]]. After the signing of the [[Salomón–Lozano Treaty]] in 1922, these settlements would be ceded to Colombia, with some settlers moving to Peru and establishing the settlements of [[Nuevo Tarapacá]] and [[Puerto Arica (Maynas)|Puerto Arica]].

Due to Iglesias' re-establishment of the [[Encomienda|indigenous tribute]] and abuses committed against Indians by landowners, on March 1, 1885, a [[Huaraz Rebellion|rebellion]] in [[Huaraz]] headed by [[Pedro Pablo Atusparía]] began, with the conflict coming to an end only in 1887.

====Conflict between Iglesias and Cáceres====
Miguel Iglesias' [[Miguel Iglesias government|Regenerator Government]] that had been established under Chilean occupation and signed the [[Treaty of Ancón]] continued to function as the constitutional government of Peru. During this period, [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]], who had fought the [[Sierra campaign|Breña campaign]] and was known as the ''Hero of Breña'', opposed Iglesias and received more popular support than Iglesias' government.

Iglesias attempted to negotiate with Cáceres for his support. Eventually, negotiations failed and he demanded his unconditional submission. For his part, Cáceres proceeded to proclaim himself President on July 16, 1884, arguing the breakdown of the constitutional order. This disagreement led to the [[Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885]].

The forces of Iglesias and Cáceres initially clashed in Lima and later in Trujillo. Faced with his defeats on the north coast, Cáceres withdrew to the south center: Cuzco, Arequipa, Apurímac and Ayacucho, where he was able to reorganize his army to attack again. He ordered his troops to be defeated near Jauja while he moved his best troops to [[Huaripampa District|Huaripampa]], who cut off bridges that would've allowed Iglesias' troops return and eventually moved to Lima where they carried out a successful offensive against Iglesias, ending the civil war. Iglesias would be exiled to [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]], only returning in 1895 after being elected as senator for Cajamarca, dying later in 1909.

====Conflict between Cáceres and de Piérola====
Cáceres assumed the presidency for the second time, on August 10, 1894. But he lacked legitimacy and popularity. The Anti-Cacerists formed the National Coalition, made up of democrats and civil supporters, who elected [[Nicolás de Piérola]] as leader, then exiled in Chile. Throughout Peru, groups of ''Montoneros'' arose that joined the cause of the Coalition. Piérola returned to Peru, disembarked in Puerto Caballas, in Ica, and went to [[Chincha Alta|Chincha]], where he gave a Manifesto to the Nation, taking the title of National Delegate, and immediately campaigning on Lima, leading the Montoneros. They attacked the capital from March 17 to 19, 1895. Seeing himself deprived of the support of the people, turned massively towards the coalition partners, Cáceres resigned and went into exile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobierno de Nicolás de Piérola (1895 - 1899) - Carpetapedagogica.com |url=https://carpetapedagogica.com/gobiernodenicolasdepierola |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712200547/https://carpetapedagogica.com/gobiernodenicolasdepierola |archive-date=2022-07-12 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=carpetapedagogica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biografia de Nicolás de Piérola |url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/p/pierola.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712200547/https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/p/pierola.htm |archive-date=2022-07-12 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=biografiasyvidas.com}}</ref>

A Government Board was installed after the victory in Lima of Piérola's montoneros and the departure of Cáceres into exile, and [[Manuel Candamo]] was elected president of a Government Board, to which he did not belong, taking charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; He spent six months in that position, from March 20 to September 8, 1895, when he handed over the command to Piérola, winner of the elections. After a brief period in which the military once again controlled the country, civilian rule was permanently established with Pierola's election in 1895. His second term was successfully completed in 1899 and was marked by his reconstruction of a devastated Peru by initiating fiscal, military, religious, and civil reforms. With the county in a delicate state, political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.