Editing History of Catalonia (section)

=== Catalan nationalism and the workers movement ===
{{Main|Catalan nationalism|Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919|Labor movement in Spain}}
[[File:Almirall.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Valentí Almirall]]]]
[[File:Semana tragica.jpg|thumb|Demonstration after the [[Tragic Week (Catalonia)|Tragic Week]], 1909]]
In 1874, a coup by General [[Arsenio Martínez Campos|Martínez Campos]] in [[Sagunto]] led to a restoration of the Bourbon dynasty in the person of [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]]. A period of political stability, of repression of the [[Labor movement in Spain|workers movement]], and of a slow growth in Catalan nationalist identity extended to the early years of the 20th century, when once again political opposition broke to the fore, especially republicanism and [[Catalan nationalism]], but also class-based politics reflecting social tensions.

The following decades saw the rise of the political Catalanism still prevalent today: the first formulations of the modern [[Catalan independence|Catalan national identity]] can be seen in [[Valentí Almirall]], a relevant federalist republican. Almirall, despite being a left-wing republican, tried to unite the Catalan left and right, but he did not succeed because there were too many divergences between the two currents. He promoted the [[First Catalanist Congress]], held in 1880, in which the different Catalanist groups were united: federal republicanism and the apolitical current, the literary one, from ''[[La Renaixença]]'' magazine, but the leftist tendencies of Almirall caused that the group of the Renaixença left the Congress and broke the agreement. However, the Congress took three fundamental agreements: creating an entity that brings together Catalanism (the [[Centre Català]], "Catalan Center"), the beginning of efforts to establish the Academy of the Catalan Language, and the drafting of a document on defense of Catalan as official language.<ref>De la Granja, José Luis; Beramendi, Justo; Anguera, Pere (2001). ''La España de los nacionalismos y las autonomías.'' pp. 62–64, Madrid: Síntesis. {{ISBN|84-7738-918-7}}</ref> The crisis of the Centre Català was shown due the differences around the position about the [[1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition]]. The opposite positions led to the dissolution of the group, and the left-wing Catalan nationalism was seriously weakened for decades.

The conservative elements of Catalan nationalism founded the League of Catalonia in 1887 who, in 1891, were united with the group ''La Renaixença'', creating the [[Unió Catalanista]] (Catalanist Union). The ''Unió'' redacted, in 1892, the Basis of Catalan regional autonomy, also known as ''[[Bases de Manresa]]'', a program that demanded a specific autonomy for Catalonia. In 1901 [[Enric Prat de la Riba]] and [[Francesc Cambó]] formed the [[Regionalist League]] (''Lliga Regionalista''), which in 1906 led the successful electoral coalition [[Catalan Solidarity (1906)|Solidaritat Catalana]], created by diverse Catalan political groups (from conservative to Catalan left-wing nationalists and from republicanism to carlism) as a response to [[¡Cu-Cut! incident|Cu-Cut! affair]], in which officers of the Spanish Army, angry with this satirical magazine for publish an offending joke about the war in Morocco, stormed the Cu-Cut! offices, and the subsequent "[[Law of Jurisdictions|Ley de Jurisdicciones]]", that punish the "crimes" and "insults" against the army and the symbols of the nation, putting them under military trials.<ref>Mata, Jordi. «Solidaritat Catalana: la gran il·lusió». Serra d'Or', num. 555 (March 2006), pp. 20–21. ISSN 0037-2501</ref>

Catalan nationalism, under the leadership of Prat de la Riba, achieved in 1913 a victory in obtaining partial self-government for the "[[Commonwealth of Catalonia|Commonwealth]]" (Catalan: ''Mancomunitat''; Spanish: ''Mancomunidad''), a grouping of the four Catalan provinces, presided over first by Prat de la Riba, and later by [[Josep Puig i Cadafalch]]; this was later suppressed in March 1925, during the 1923–1930 dictatorship of [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]]. The Commonwealth of Catalonia established a modern infrastructure, such as roads and telephones and expanded the culture (libraries, professional education, use and regulation of Catalan language, promotion of sciences...).<ref>[http://www.ara.cat/premium/tema_del_dia/Ni-poble-escola-biblioteca-telefon_0_1049895117.html ''Ni un poble sense escola, biblioteca i telèfon''] Marimon, Sílvia. Diari Ara. 18 December 2013</ref> In 1919 the [[Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919|Commonwealth promoted]] the [[Statute of Catalonia of 1919|first project of Statute of Autonomy]], but the disagreements with the government of Madrid, the opposition of sectors of Spanish society and the coincidence with the rise of the [[Labor movement in Spain|workers movement]] provoked the fall of the project.<ref>Cambó, Francesc (1991). ''Obres de Francesc Cambó''. Editorial Alpha, p. 599 {{ISBN|8472254887}}</ref>

[[File:Estelada blava.svg|thumb|right|[[Estelada]], flag used by [[Estat Català]] and the most representative symbol of Catalan independence movement from the 1920s onwards]]
The Catalan workers movement at the turn of the twentieth century consisted of three tendencies: [[syndicalism]], socialism, and [[anarchism]], part of the last openly embracing "propaganda of the deed" as advocated by [[Alejandro Lerroux]]. Along with [[Asturias]], Catalonia in general and Barcelona in particular was a center of radical labor agitation, marked by numerous general strikes, assassinations (especially in the late 1910s), and the rise of the pro-anarchist [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (National Confederation of Labour, CNT, founded in Barcelona in 1910).<ref>[http://www.cnt.es/que_es_cnt Que es CNT] CNT website</ref> Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the [[Tragic Week (Catalonia)|Tragic Week]] in Barcelona in 1909, resulting in the deaths of over 100 citizens.<ref name="Sanabria2009">{{cite book|author=Enrique Sanabria|title=Republicanism and Anticlerical Nationalism in Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWLIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=31 March 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-62008-7|page=168}}</ref> The anarchists had been active throughout the early 20th century, achieving, after a [[La Canadiense strike|successful strike]] which paralyzed much of the industry of Catalonia, the first [[eight-hour workday]] of Western Europe in 1919.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914-1923|last=Meaker|first=Gerald H.|date=1974|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RM6rAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA158 159] ff|isbn=0-8047-0845-2}}</ref> The escalating violence between Catalan workers and the Catalan bourgeoisie (''[[Pistolerismo]]'') led the latter to embrace the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, despite his centralizing tendencies. (''See also [[Anarchism in Spain]]'').<ref>Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2012). ''El cirujano de hierro. La dictadura de Primo de Rivera (1923-1930).'' Barcelona: RBA, p. 45</ref>

The initial acceptance of the Dictatorship by the conservative League made the Catalan nationalism progressively more [[Left-wing nationalism|leftist]] (with the rise of parties as [[Acció Catalana]], [[Catalan Republican Party]] or the [[Socialist Union of Catalonia]]) and, some of them, also pro-independence ([[Estat Català]]). Despite this tolerance, Primo de Rivera abolished the Commonwealth of Catalonia in 1925 and started a policy of repression against the Catalan nationalism, Catalan language and [[Labor movement in Spain|labour movement]] (especially anarchism and [[communism]]). In 1926, Estat Català [[Plot of Prats de Molló|tried to liberate Catalonia with a little army]] (established in the town of [[Prats de Molló]] in [[Roussillon]], France), led by [[Francesc Macià]], and proclaim the independent [[Catalan Republic (1931)|Catalan Republic]], but the complot was discovered by the French police. Macià and the Catalan issue gained popularity all over the world.<ref>Jordi Finestres and Giovanni Cattini (2009). ''Qui va trair Macià?'' Sàpiens, vol. 84</ref>

During the last steps of the Dictatorship, Barcelona celebrated the [[1929 Barcelona International Exposition|1929 International Exposition]],<ref name="MonclúsFraga2006">{{cite book|author1=Francisco Javier Monclús|author2=Francisco Javier Monclús Fraga|title=Exposiciones internacionales y urbanismo: el proyecto Expo Zaragoza 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2d6KJ2VnfAkC&pg=PA48|year=2006|publisher=Univ. Politèc. de Catalunya|isbn=978-84-8301-893-4|page=48}}</ref> while Spain started to suffer an economical crisis caused by the economical policy of the government and the [[Wall Street crash]].