Editing History of Canada (section)

==1960–1981==
{{Main|History of Canada (1960–1981)}}

In the 1960s, the [[Quiet Revolution]] took place in Quebec, overthrowing the old establishment which centred on the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec]] and led to modernizing of the economy and society.<ref name="AlexanderYoung2003">{{cite book|last1=Dickinson |first1=John Alexander |first2=Brian J. |last2=Young|title=A short history of Quebec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRHmr-rDFrwC&pg=PA372|year=2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7033-7|page=372}}</ref> [[Quebec nationalism|Québécois nationalists]] demanded independence, and tensions rose until violence erupted during the 1970 [[October Crisis]]. John Saywell says, "The two kidnappings and the murder of Pierre Laporte were the biggest domestic news stories in Canada's history."<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=John |editor-last=Saywell |title=Canadian Annual Review for 1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7cWPwAACAAJ|year=1971|publisher=University of Toronto Press|pages=3–152|isbn=9780802001528}}, quote on page 3.</ref><ref name=october>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/chronos/october.htm |title=Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath – Quebec History |access-date=April 13, 2008}}</ref> In 1976 the [[Parti Québécois]] was elected to power in Quebec, with a nationalist vision that included securing [[Charter of the French Language|French linguistic rights]] in the province and the pursuit of some form of [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignty for Quebec]]. This culminated in the [[1980 Quebec independence referendum|1980 referendum in Quebec]] on the question of [[sovereignty-association]], which was turned down by 59% of the voters.<ref name=october/>

[[File:Proclamation of the National Flag of Canada (January 1965).jpg|thumb|left|The proclamation for the national flag of Canada, issued in 1965.]]

In 1965, Canada adopted the [[flag of Canada|maple leaf flag]], although not without [[Great Canadian Flag Debate|considerable debate and misgivings]] among large number of English Canadians.<ref name="first flags">{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df5-eng.cfm|title=First "Canadian flags"|date=September 24, 2007|publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]|access-date=December 16, 2008}}</ref> The [[World's Fair]] titled [[Expo 67]] came to Montreal, coinciding with the [[Canadian Centennial]] that year. The fair opened on April 28, 1967, with the theme "Man and His World" and became the best attended of all [[Bureau of International Expositions|BIE]]-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world expositions]] until that time.<ref>{{cite web
 |title        = Bid to hold the world's fair in Montreal |work = Expo 67 Man and His World |publisher= [[Library and Archives Canada]] |year= 2007 |url= http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html |access-date  = June 14, 2007 |archive-date = March 31, 2007 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070331230530/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html |url-status   = dead }}</ref>

Legislative restrictions on Canadian immigration that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.<ref name="Shalla2006">{{cite book|first1=Vivian |last1=Shalla|title=Working in a global era: Canadian perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1mvurCyTIC&pg=PA223|year=2006|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-290-4|page=223}}</ref> While the 1950s had seen high levels of immigration from Britain, [[Irish-Canadian|Ireland]], [[Italian-Canadian|Italy]], and northern continental Europe, by the 1970s immigrants increasingly came from [[Indo-Canadian|India]], [[Chinese Canadian|China]], [[Vietnamese Canadian|Vietnam]], [[Jamaican Canadian|Jamaica]] and [[Canadians of Haitian ancestry|Haiti]].<ref name=Multicultural>{{cite web|title=Immigration Policy in the 1970s |url=http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i2/10 |publisher=Canadian Heritage (Multicultural Canada) |year=2004 |access-date=April 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105062130/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i2/10 |archive-date=November 5, 2009 }}</ref> [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|Immigrants of all backgrounds]] tended to settle in the [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|major urban centres]], particularly Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.<ref name=Multicultural/>

During his long tenure in the office (1968–1979, 1980–1984), Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] made social and cultural change his political goals, including the pursuit of [[official bilingualism in Canada]] and plans for significant [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|constitutional change]].<ref name="Tushnet2009">{{cite book|first1=Mark |last1=Tushnet|title=Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJ04DIfeTjUC&pg=PA52|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14320-0|page=52}}</ref> The west, particularly the [[Petroleum production in Canada|petroleum-producing provinces]] like Alberta, opposed many of the policies emanating from central Canada, with the [[National Energy Program]] creating considerable antagonism and growing [[western alienation]].<ref>
{{cite journal | first1 = Mary Elizabeth | last1 = Vicente | title = The National Energy Program | journal=Canada's Digital Collections | year = 2005 | url = http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/events/issues_nep.html | access-date = April 26, 2008}}</ref> [[Multiculturalism in Canada]] was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the prime ministership of Pierre Trudeau.<ref name="S.David1993">{{cite book|last1=Duncan |first1=James S. |last2=Ley |first2=David |title=Place, Culture, Representation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA205|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-09451-1|page=205}}</ref>