Editing Hermeneutics (section)

==== Other recent developments ====
[[Bernard Lonergan]]'s (1904–1984) hermeneutics is less well known, but a case for considering his work as the culmination of the [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] hermeneutical revolution that began with Heidegger was made in several articles by Lonergan specialist [[Frederick G. Lawrence]].<ref>Frederick G. Lawrence, "Martin Heidegger and the Hermeneutic Revolution", "Hans-Georg Gadamer and the Hermeneutic Revolution", "The Hermeneutic Revolution and Bernard Lonergan: Gadamer and Lonergan on Augustine's Verbum Cordis – the Heart of Postmodern Hermeneutics", "The Unknown 20th-Century Hermeneutic Revolution: Jerusalem and Athens in Lonergan's Integral
Hermeneutics", ''[[Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education]]'' 19/1–2 (2008) 7–30, 31–54, 55–86, 87–118.</ref>

[[Paul Ricœur]] (1913–2005) developed a hermeneutics that is based upon Heidegger's concepts. His work differs in many ways from that of Gadamer. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}{{vague|date=April 2025}}

[[Karl-Otto Apel]] (1922–2017) elaborated a hermeneutics based on American [[semiotics]]. He applied his model to [[discourse ethics]] with political motivations akin to those of [[critical theory]]. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

[[Jürgen Habermas]] (b. 1929) criticized the conservatism of previous hermeneutists, especially Gadamer, because their focus on tradition seemed to undermine possibilities for social criticism and transformation. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}} He also criticized [[Marxism]] and previous members of the [[Frankfurt School]] for missing the hermeneutical dimension of [[critical theory]].

Habermas incorporated the notion of the [[lifeworld]] and emphasized the importance for social theory of interaction, communication, labor, and production. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}} He viewed hermeneutics as a dimension of critical social theory. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

[[Rudolf Makkreel]] (b. 1939) has proposed an orientational hermeneutics that brings out the contextualizing function of reflective judgment. It extends ideas of [[Kant]] and [[Dilthey]] to supplement the dialogical approach of [[Gadamer]] with a diagnostic approach that can deal with an ever-changing and multicultural world. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

[[Andrés Ortiz-Osés]] (1943–2021) developed his [[symbolic hermeneutics]] as the [[Southern Europe|Mediterranean]] response to [[Northern Europe]]an hermeneutics. His main statement regarding symbolic understanding of the world is that [[Meaning (non-linguistic)|meaning]] is a [[symbol]]ic healing of injury.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Two other important hermeneutic scholars{{according to whom|date=April 2025}} are [[Jean Grondin]] (b. 1955) and [[Maurizio Ferraris]] (b. 1956).

Mauricio Beuchot{{who|date=April 2025}} coined the term and discipline of [[analogic hermeneutics]]{{original research inline|date=April 2025}}, which is a type of hermeneutics that is based upon interpretation and takes into account the plurality of aspects of meaning. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}} He drew categories both from analytic and continental philosophy, as well as from the [[Thought|history of thought]]. {{vague|date=April 2025}}

Two scholars who have published criticism of Gadamer's hermeneutics are the Italian jurist [[Emilio Betti]] and the American literary theorist [[E. D. Hirsch]].