Editing H.M.S. Pinafore (section)

==Cultural impact==
{{Main|Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan}}

===Development of the modern musical===
[[File:Elliott & Fry - photograph W. S. Gilbert.jpg|thumb|[[Cabinet card]] of [[W. S. Gilbert]] in about 1880 by [[Elliott & Fry]]]]
Among its other influences on popular culture, ''Pinafore'' had perhaps its most profound influence on the [[development of musical theatre]]. According to theatre historian [[John Kenrick (theatre writer)|John Kenrick]], ''Pinafore'' "became an international sensation, reshaping the commercial theater in both England and the United States."<ref>Kenrick, John. [http://www.musicals101.com/g&scanon.htm "Gilbert & Sullivan 101: The G&S Canon"], ''The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film'', accessed 10 March 2009. See also Gänzl (1995)</ref> The music writer [[Andrew Lamb (writer)|Andrew Lamb]] notes, "The success of ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' in 1879 established British comic opera alongside French opéra bouffe throughout the English-speaking world".<ref>Lamb, p. 35</ref> The historian John Bush Jones opines that ''Pinafore'' and the other Savoy operas demonstrate that musical theatre "can address contemporary social and political issues without sacrificing entertainment value" and that ''Pinafore'' created the model for a new kind of musical theatre, the "integrated" musical, where "book, lyrics, and music combined to form an integral whole".<ref>Jones, pp. 10–11</ref> He adds that its "unprecedented&nbsp;... popularity fostered an American audience for musical theatre, while the show itself became a model for form, content, and even intention of&nbsp;... musicals ever since, especially socially relevant musicals."<ref>Jones, pp. 4–5</ref> Its popularity also led to the musical theatre adaptations of ''Pinafore'' described above, musicals in which the story line involves a production of ''Pinafore''<ref>Bradley (2005), p. 8</ref> and other musicals that parody the opera or that use or adapt its music.{{refn|A 1938 Broadway show used six songs from ''Pinafore''.<ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=11585 ''Knights of Song''], Internet Broadway database, accessed 20 April 2019</ref> Other examples include ''The Pirates of Pinafore'', ''The Pinafore Pirates'' (which Bradley calls "splendid" and describes in detail in Bradley (2005), pp.&nbsp;174–175), [http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/fraser.charlton/myshows/page24/mutiny.html ''Mutiny on the Pinafore''], and [https://archive.today/20040604134138/http://home.att.net/~coriolan/musical/hmsdumbledore.htm ''H.M.S. Dumbledore''] (2004) by Caius Marcius.|group=n}} The first such parody was a short-lived burlesque presented at the Opera Comique in 1882, called ''The Wreck of the Pinafore'' by [[William Lingard|William Horace Lingard]] and [[Luscombe Searelle]]; the opera's characters are shipwrecked on a desert island. It was described by ''The Era'' as "chiefly remarkable for its impudence".<ref>"The Opera Comique Theatre" – a valedictory summary in ''The Era'', 15 October 1898, p. 11</ref>

===Literary and political references===
[[File:Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan.jpg|right|thumb|Arthur Seymour Sullivan]]
The opera's popularity has led to the widespread parody and [[pastiche]] of its songs in comedy routines, literature and other media.<ref>Bradley (2005), chapter 8</ref> Many comedians have used ''Pinafore'' songs for comic and satiric effect. For example, in his comedy album ''[[My Son, the Celebrity]]'', [[Allan Sherman]] parodies "When I Was a Lad" from the point of view of a young man who goes to an [[Ivy League]] school and then rises to prominence in business. At the end of the song, he "thanks [[Yale University|old Yale]]", "thanks the Lord" and thanks his father, "who is chairman of the board".<ref>Sherman, Allan. ''[[My Son, the Celebrity]]'' (1963). On his [[Allan in Wonderland|next album]], Sherman sings a song called "Little Butterball" to the tune of "I'm Called Little Buttercup". See Sherman, Allan. [http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/sherman_allan/albums.jhtml?albumId=696185 Track listing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007091114/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/sherman_allan/albums.jhtml?albumId=696185 |date=7 October 2008 }} from ''[[Allan in Wonderland]]'' (1964), accessed 10 March 2009</ref> Literary references to ''Pinafore'' songs include Harris's attempt to sing "When I Was a Lad" in [[Jerome K. Jerome]]'s ''[[Three Men in a Boat]]''.<ref>[http://www.online-literature.com/jerome/three-men-in-a-boat/8/ "Three Men in a Boat"], chapter 8, accessed 24 April 2009</ref> Another is found in the story "[[Runaround (story)|Runaround]]" from ''[[I, Robot]]'' by [[Isaac Asimov]], where a robot sings part of "I'm Called Little Buttercup".<ref>[[Isaac Asimov|Asimov, Isaac]]. ''[[I, Robot]]'', New York: Doubleday & Company, 1950. For examples of references to ''Pinafore'' in several novels, see Bradley (2005), pp. 10–11. Other literary references include Gilbert's own 1908 children's book, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dFgCAAAAYAAJ&q=Gilbert+Sullivan+Pinafore ''The Pinafore Picture Book''], London: George Bell and Sons, 1908, accessed 1 May 2009. In addition, Gilbert and Sullivan refer to ''Pinafore'' in two of their subsequent operas: in the "[[Major-General's Song]]" from their next opera, ''Pirates'', and with the appearance of an older "Captain Corcoran, KCB", in ''[[Utopia, Limited]]'', the only recurring character in the G&S canon.</ref> ''Pinafore'' and its songs have been performed by rock musicians such as [[Todd Rundgren]], [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]] and Michele Gray Rundgren, who performed "Never Mind the Why and Wherefore" on ''Night Music'' (''[[Sunday Night (American TV program)|Sunday Night]]'') in 1989.<ref>{{YouTube|5m33BXNHIHM|"Never mind the why and Wherefore"}}, sung by [[Todd Rundgren]], [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]] and Michele Rundgren, on 29 October 1989</ref>

Political references include a 1996 satiric pastiche of "When I Was a Lad" aimed at [[Tony Blair]] by [[Virginia Bottomley]], heritage secretary under [[John Major]].<ref>Bradley (2005), p. 166</ref> Sporting references include a racehorse named "H.M.S. Pinafore".<ref>Racing: York Meeting, ''The Times'', 21 May 1946, p. 2</ref> ''Pinafore'' songs and images have been used extensively in advertising. According to Jones, "''Pinafore'' launched the first media blitz in the United States" beginning in 1879,<ref name=Jones8/> and recent ads include a television campaign for [[Terry's Chocolate Orange]] featuring a pastiche of "When I Was a Lad".<ref>Bradley (2005), p. 167</ref> ''Pinafore''-themed merchandise includes trading cards that were created in the 1880s.<ref>[http://gsarchive.net/pinafore/sapolio/spolio.html ''Pinafore'' advertising cards] at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 10 March 2009</ref>

===Film and television references===
Songs from ''Pinafore'' have been used to give period flavor to such films as the 1981 historical film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'', in which the protagonist, [[Harold Abrahams]], and others from [[Cambridge University]], sing "He Is an Englishman".<ref name=Vineberg>Vineberg, Steve. [http://www.bostonphoenix.com/archive/movies/98/02/19/ALAN_BENNETT.html "Beyond the mundane"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193733/http://www.bostonphoenix.com/archive/movies/98/02/19/ALAN_BENNETT.html |date=5 June 2011}}, ''Boston Phoenix'', 19 February 1998, accessed 21 June 2016</ref> This song also features at the end of the 1983 BBC drama ''[[An Englishman Abroad]]''.<ref name=Vineberg/> In the 2003 movie ''[[Peter Pan (2003 film)|Peter Pan]]'', the Darling family sings "When I Was a Lad".<ref name=Bradley12>Bradley (2005), p. 12</ref> In ''[[Wyatt Earp (film)|Wyatt Earp]]'' (1994), the famed lawman meets his future wife when he sees her playing in an early production of ''Pinafore''.<ref name=Bradley12/> A 1953 biopic, ''[[The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan]]'', uses music from ''Pinafore''.

Characters also sing songs from ''Pinafore'' in such popular films as ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981)<ref>Perry, Michelle P. [http://tech.mit.edu/V110/N41/hms.41a.html "Light-hearted, happy entertainment from ''HMS Pinafore''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928100720/http://tech.mit.edu/V110/N41/hms.41a.html |date=28 September 2021 }}, ''The Tech'', [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], 12 October 1990, accessed on 18 July 2008</ref> and ''[[Star Trek: Insurrection]]'' (1998), where [[Jean-Luc Picard|Captain Picard]] and [[Worf|Lt. Commander Worf]] sing part of "A British Tar" to distract a malfunctioning [[Data (Star Trek)|Lt. Commander Data]].<ref name=Bradley12/> ''[[The Good Shepherd (film)|The Good Shepherd]]'' (2006) depicts an all-male version of ''Pinafore'' at [[Yale University]] in 1939; [[Matt Damon]]'s character plays Little Buttercup, singing in [[falsetto]].<ref>"Reviews", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 25 December 2006 & 1 January 2007, p. 152</ref> [[Judy Garland]] sings "I Am the Monarch of the Sea" in the 1963 film ''[[I Could Go On Singing]]''.<ref>Krafsur, Richard P., Kenneth White Munden and American Film Institute (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=s1k1RsGvFwwC&pg=PA514 ''I Could Go On Singing'' in ''The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1961–1970''], p. 514, Berkeley: University of California Press (1997) {{ISBN|0-520-20970-2}}</ref> The soundtrack of the 1992 thriller ''[[The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992 film)|The Hand that Rocks the Cradle]]'' prominently features songs and music from ''Pinafore'', and the father and daughter characters sing "I Am the Captain of the Pinafore" together.<ref>Bradley (2005), pp. 11–12</ref> The 1976 animated film by [[Ronald Searle]] called ''[[Dick Deadeye, or Duty Done]]'' is based on the character and songs from ''Pinafore''.<ref>[https://www.timeout.com/london/film/dick-deadeye-or-duty-done "Dick Deadeye, or Duty Done (1975)"], Time Out Film Guide, accessed 9 March 2017</ref> In the 1988 drama ''[[Permanent Record (film)|Permanent Record]]'', a high school class performs ''Pinafore''.<ref>Tibbs, Kim. [http://cliqueclack.com/p/permanent-record-review "''Permanent Record'' explores the sad reality of teen suicide with a rockin’ soundtrack"], CliqueClack.com, 12 June 2014, accessed 12 June 2016</ref>

Television series that include substantial ''Pinafore'' references include ''[[The West Wing]]'', for example in the 2000 episode "[[And It's Surely to Their Credit]]", where "He Is an Englishman" is used throughout and quoted (or paraphrased) in the episode's title.<ref>[http://www.tv.com/the-west-wing/and-its-surely-to-their-credit/episode/4818/summary.html "''The West Wing'' episode summary – And It's Surely to Their Credit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227072732/http://www.tv.com/the-west-wing/and-its-surely-to-their-credit/episode/4818/summary.html |date=27 December 2008 }}, TV.com, CNET Networks, Inc., accessed 10 March 2009</ref> Among other notable examples of the use of songs from ''Pinafore'' on television are several popular animated shows. In the "[[Cape Feare]]" episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] stalls his would-be killer [[Sideshow Bob]] with a "final request" that Bob sing him the entire score of ''Pinafore''.<ref>Arnold, p. 16</ref> Similarly, the 1993 "HMS Yakko" episode of ''[[Animaniacs]]'' consists of pastiches of songs from ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' and ''The Pirates of Penzance''.<ref>"H.M.S. Yakko", ''Animaniacs'' (FOX Kids), 15 September 1993, no. 3, season 1</ref> In a ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode, "[[The Thin White Line (Family Guy)|The Thin White Line]]" (2001), [[Stewie Griffin|Stewie]] sings a pastiche of "My Gallant Crew".<ref>Callaghan, Steve. "The Thin White Line", ''Family Guy: The Official Episode Guide Seasons 1–3'', pp. 128–131, New York: HarperCollins (2005) {{ISBN|0-06-083305-X}}</ref> Stewie also sings "I Am the Monarch of the Sea" (including the ladies' part, in falsetto) in ''[[Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story]]''.<ref>[http://www.planet-familyguy.com/pfg/episodes/83/StewieGriffinTheUntoldStory "Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111083022/http://www.planet-familyguy.com/pfg/episodes/83/StewieGriffinTheUntoldStory/ |date=11 November 2006}}, Description of the film at planet-familyguy.com, accessed 19 October 2009</ref> A 1986 ''[[Mr. Belvedere]]'' episode, "The Play", concerns a production of ''H.M.S. Pinafore'', and several of the songs are performed.<ref>Ferro, Jeffrey, et al. "The Play", ''Mr. Belvedere'', 28 March 1986, Season 2, episode 22</ref> In 1955, NBC broadcast a variety special including a 20-minute compressed jazz version, "H.M.S. Pinafore in Jazz", produced and directed by [[Max Liebman]], starring [[Perry Como]], [[Buddy Hackett]], [[Kitty Kallen]], [[Bill Hayes (actor)|Bill Hayes]], [[Pat Carroll]] and [[Herb Shriner]].<ref>Terrace, Vincent. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BUvTYfLP624C&pg=PA381 ''Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936–2012''], McFarland (2013), p. 381 (2d ed.) {{ISBN|0786474440}}</ref>