Editing Guangzhou (section)

== Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type=China
|1950<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182656/http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |script-title=zh:广州50年统计年鉴 |website={{lang|zh|italics=no|广州统计信息网}}|language=zh}}</ref>|2567645
|1960<ref name="census"/>|3683104
|1970<ref name="census"/>|4185363
|1980<ref name="census"/>|5018638
|1990<ref name="census"/>|5942534
|2000<ref name="census"/>|9943000
|2002<ref name="1990ppl">{{cite web |url=http://scjss.mofcom.gov.cn/table/gz_3.pdf |script-title= zh:广州市商业网点发展规划主报告（2003–2012）（下篇） |publisher=Department of Market System Development, Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China |language=zh-hans |access-date= August 4, 2011 |url-status   = live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051104054733/http://scjss.mofcom.gov.cn/table/gz_3.pdf |archive-date= November 4, 2005}}</ref>|10106229
|2005<ref name="gzannals2012">{{cite web |url=http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182656/http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp |url-status  = dead |archive-date= December 14, 2009 |trans-title= Statistical Yearbook 2012 |script-title= zh:统计年鉴2012 |publisher=Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou |language=zh-hans |date=September 2012 |access-date= July 9, 2013}}</ref>|9496800
|2006<ref name="gzannals2012"/>|9966600
|2007<ref name="gzannals2012"/>|10530100
|2008<ref name="gzannals2012"/>|11153400
|2009<ref name="gzannals2012"/>|11869700
|2010<ref name="census"/>|12701948
|2011<ref name="statyb2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.gzstats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjxxsc/ |website=Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook 2012–2015 |title=Major social and economic indicators in main years |publisher=Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou |access-date= May 1, 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160521003254/http://www.gzstats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjxxsc/ |archive-date= May 21, 2016}}</ref>|12751400
|2012<ref name="statyb2012"/>|12832900
|2013<ref name="statyb2012"/>|12926800
|2014<ref name="statyb2012"/>|13080500
|2018|14,904,400
|footnote= <small>Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions.</small>
|}}
The [[2010 PRC census|2010 census]] found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. {{As of|2014}}, it was estimated at 13,080,500,<ref name="gzdaily2014">{{cite web |url=http://gz.southcn.com/content/2019-02/16/content_185155489.htm |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:广州常住人口去年末超1490万 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216065355/http://gz.southcn.com/content/2019-02/16/content_185155489.htm |archive-date=February 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="statyb2012"/> with 11,264,800 urban residents.<ref name="gzannals2014">{{cite web |url=http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214182656/http://data.gzstats.gov.cn/gzStat1/chaxun/njsj.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook 2014 |script-title=zh:统计年鉴2014 |publisher=Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou |language=zh-Hanns [[Guangzhou Cantonese]] |date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=May 1, 2015}}</ref> Its [[population density]] is thus around 1,800 people per km<sup>2</sup>. The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the [[Pearl River Delta Economic Zone]] covers around {{cvt|17573|km2|mi2|sp=us}} and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, [[Shenzhen]] (5.36m), [[Dongguan]] (3.22m), [[Zhongshan]] (3.12m), most of [[Foshan]] (2.2m), [[Jiangmen]] (1.82m), [[Zhuhai]] (890k), and [[Huizhou]]'s [[Huiyang District]] (760k).{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]].{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge "floating population" of [[migrant workers]]; thus, up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} In 2008, about five million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were migrant workers.<ref name=cri>{{cite report |url=http://english.cri.cn/4026/2008/01/25/44@317459.htm |website=CRI English|title=Migrants In Guangzhou|publisher=China Radio International |date=January 25, 2008 |access-date=March 12, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063823/http://english.cri.cn/4026/2008/01/25/44@317459.htm |url-status=dead|language=en|first1=Dan|last1=Dan}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity and language===
Most of Guangzhou's population is [[Han Chinese]]. Almost all [[Cantonese people]] speak [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] as their first language,{{refn|''[[The People's Daily]]'',{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} cited by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=indirectcite/>}} while most migrants speak [[Mandarin dialects|forms of Mandarin]].<ref name=cri/> In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,{{refn|''[[The People's Daily]]'',{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} cited by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=indirectcite>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/protesters-guangzhou-protect-cantonese |location=London |work=The Guardian |title=Protesters gather in Guangzhou to protect Cantonese language |first=Tania |last=Branigan |date=July 25, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915154652/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/protesters-guangzhou-protect-cantonese |archive-date=September 15, 2013}}</ref>}} although minor but substantial numbers speak [[Varieties of Chinese|other varieties]] as well.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} In 2018, He Huifeng of the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.<ref>{{cite news |author=He, Huifeng |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2136237/why-has-cantonese-fallen-out-favour-guangzhou-youngsters |title=Why has Cantonese fallen out of favour with Guangzhou youngsters? |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=March 12, 2018 |access-date=July 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707062441/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2136237/why-has-cantonese-fallen-out-favour-guangzhou-youngsters |archive-date=July 7, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>  Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69% could still speak and understand Cantonese, 20% can understand Cantonese, but unable to speak it, and 11% completely had no knowledge of Cantonese. Jinan University's study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese, roughly 40%-50% of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51.4% of them in mobile games, 47% in Social Platforms, 44.1% in TV shows, and 39.8% in Books and Newspapers. Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese, it is faring better in survival, popularity, and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture, as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment, which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vincehkblog.wordpress.com/2018/05/13/is-cantonese-dying-in-canton-2/ |title=Is Cantonese dying in Canton? – Vince's News Corner |date=May 12, 2018 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |archive-date=July 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729120128/https://vincehkblog.wordpress.com/2018/05/13/is-cantonese-dying-in-canton-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mironline.ca/the-slow-death-of-chinas-dialects/ |title=The Slow Death of China's Dialects – MIR |date=February 21, 2019 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812204137/https://www.mironline.ca/the-slow-death-of-chinas-dialects/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the 2020s, additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language. In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng, the report showed that 90% of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin, though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces, which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country's official language.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1008922/cantons-unease-as-mandarin-spreads%2C-locals-face-identity-crisis | title=Canton's Unease: As Mandarin Spreads, Locals Face Identity Crisis | date=November 10, 2021 | access-date=April 20, 2022 | archive-date=May 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515121649/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1008922/cantons-unease-as-mandarin-spreads%2C-locals-face-identity-crisis | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1177/1868102620983939 | title=Today in Guangzhou, Tomorrow in Hong Kong? A Comparative Study of the Language Situation in Two Cities | year=2020 | last1=Sautman | first1=Barry | last2=Xie | first2=Xinyi | journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs | volume=49 | issue=2 | pages=207–232 | s2cid=232040733 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.<ref name="worldpopulationreview1">{{cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/guangzhou-population/ |title=Guangzhou Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321104937/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/guangzhou-population/ |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1008922/cantons-unease-as-mandarin-spreads%2C-locals-face-identity-crisis|title=Canton's Unease: As Mandarin Spreads, Locals Face Identity Crisis|first=Sixth|last=Tone|date=November 10, 2021|website=#SixthTone|access-date=April 20, 2022|archive-date=May 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515121649/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1008922/cantons-unease-as-mandarin-spreads%2C-locals-face-identity-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=侍建国 |title=港式粤语及其身份认同功能 |journal=语言战略研究 |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=42–48 |doi=10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20180304 |trans-title=Hong Kong Cantonese and its identity function |trans-journal=Language Strategy Research |language=zh }}</ref>

Guangzhou also possesses a large resident population who are [[Hakka people]]. There are seven administrative districts in Guangzhou with a considerable [[Hakka]] population: [[Zengcheng, Guangzhou|Zengcheng District]], [[Huadu, Guangzhou|Huadu District]], [[Conghua, Guangzhou|Conghua District]], [[Baiyun, Guangzhou|Baiyun District]], [[Tianhe, Guangzhou|Tianhe District]], [[Yuexiu, Guangzhou|Yuexiu District]] and [[Panyu, Guangzhou|Panyu District]]. It is estimated that in Zengcheng district and Huadu district of Guangzhou, Hakka speakers account for about 40 percent and a third of the district's population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wenku.baidu.com/view/6634c593a65177232f60ddccda38376bae1fe04b?fr=xueshu_top&_wkts_=1709099087088 |title=Hakka Dialect in the Guangzhou Area |access-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327084932/https://wenku.baidu.com/view/6634c593a65177232f60ddccda38376bae1fe04b?fr=xueshu_top&_wkts_=1709099087088 |url-status=live |website=Baidu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://61.154.14.234:8080/pub/kjwh/yj/201409/P020140915605245530890.pdf |title=Hakka Studies: Hakka and Meizhou Book Series |access-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-date=September 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222727/http://61.154.14.234:8080/pub/kjwh/yj/201409/P020140915605245530890.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.<ref name="worldpopulationreview1"/>

According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and is particularly important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al., 2004]. Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ouyang |first1=Jun |last2=Zhong |first2=Wei |last3=Xiao |first3=Ling |last4=Zhang |first4=Yuaner |last5=Chen |first5=Chaolong |last6=chen |first6=Chun |last7=Xia |first7=Lili |last8=Zhou |first8=Xiaofang |title=Residents' Intermarriage behavior in Guangzhou, China in Last 60 Years: Social Geographic Report |journal=Espace populations sociétés |date=December 2009 |issue=2009/3 |pages=485–495 |doi=10.4000/eps.3803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> but like elsewhere in the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[hukou system|household registration system]] (''hukou'') limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.followcn.com/women/2018/06/18/prostitution-in-china/ |title=Prostitution in China – Chinese Women |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321104941/http://www.followcn.com/women/2018/06/18/prostitution-in-china/ |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a ''hukou'' card allowing them to marry and [[one-child policy|obtain permission for their pregnancies]] in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.<ref name="NYTHukou">{{cite news |last=Tatlow |first=Didi Kirsten |date=July 9, 2014 |title=Go South to Guangzhou, a 'Home' Away From Home |url=http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/go-south-to-guangzhou-a-home-away-from-home/?_php=true&_type=blogs&partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York, New York |access-date=July 10, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202651/http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/go-south-to-guangzhou-a-home-away-from-home/?_php=true&_type=blogs&partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref>

Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century [[Chinese diaspora]]; in fact, many [[overseas Chinese]] have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the [[Chinese Americans|United States]],<ref name="Lai">{{cite book |last=Lai |first=H. Mark |title=Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions |publisher=AltaMira Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7591-0458-7}}</ref> [[Chinese Canadians|Canada]],<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |title=2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship |publisher=Statistics Canada |location=Ottawa |year=2007}}</ref> and [[Chinese Australians|Australia]].

Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by [[overseas Chinese]], but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the [[Demographics of China#People from other immigration jurisdictions|usual locations]] such as the [[Americans in China|United States]]. Notably, it is also home to thousands of [[Africans in Guangzhou|African immigrants]], including people from [[Nigeria]], [[Somalia]], [[Angola]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|author-first1=Tania|author-last1=Branigan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/06/china-crackdown-african-immigration|title=China cracks down on African immigrants and traders|website=The Guardian|date= 6 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116075754/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/06/china-crackdown-african-immigration|archive-date=November 16, 2016|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref>

=== Metropolitan area===
The encompassing [[metropolitan area]] was estimated by the [[OECD]] (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, a population of 25 million.<ref name="oecd2015">{{cite book |doi=10.1787/9789264230040-5-en |chapter=The Chinese urban system and its challenges |title=OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015 |date=2015 |pages=29–81 |isbn=978-92-64-23003-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Justina |last1=Crabtree |title=A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html |work=CNBC |date=September 20, 2016 |quote=slide 3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044105/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html |archive-date=December 9, 2017}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

===Development of Guangzhou===
Gong et al. 2018 report on the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020, showing how in 1990, the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated in a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had a smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands. However, from 2005 until 2020, other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report, it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Jianzhou |last2=Hu |first2=Zhiren |last3=Chen |first3=Wenli |last4=Liu |first4=Yansui |last5=Wang |first5=Jieyong |title=Urban expansion dynamics and modes in metropolitan Guangzhou, China |journal=Land Use Policy |date=March 2018 |volume=72 |pages=100–109 |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.025 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018LUPol..72..100G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0264837716310547-gr5.jpg |title=Map showing development of land from 1990 to 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2022 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154545/https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0264837716310547-gr5.jpg |url-status=live }}{{full citation needed|date=April 2025}}</ref>