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=== Bibliography === * {{Cite book |last1=Basbøll |first1=Hans |last2=Jacobsen |first2=Henrik Galberg |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPQdAQAAIAAJ |title=Take Danish, for Instance: Linguistic Studies in Honour of Hans Basbøll Presented on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, 12 July 2003 |publisher=University Press of Southern Denmark |isbn=9788778388261 |pages=41–57 |language=en }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bethge |first=Richard |editor=Ferdinand Dieter |encyclopedia=Laut- und Formenlehre der altgermanischen Dialekte (2. Halbband: Formenlehre) |title=Konjugation des Urgermanischen |year=1900 |publisher=Reisland |location=Leipzig }} * {{citation |last=Cercignani |first=Fausto |author-link=Fausto Cercignani |title=Indo-European ē in Germanic |journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung |volume=86 |issue=1 |year=1972 |pages=104–110 }} * {{citation |last=Cercignani |first=Fausto |author-link=Fausto Cercignani |title=The Reduplicating Syllable and Internal Open Juncture in Gothic |journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung |volume=93 |issue=11 |year=1979 |pages=126–132 }} * {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Neil G. |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijVn2KP0FocC&pg=PA3 |title=Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |via=Google Books |isbn=9780521772150 }} * {{cite journal |last=Joos |first=Martin |title=The Medieval Sibilants |journal=Language |volume=28 |number=2 |year=1952 |pages=222–231 |doi=10.2307/410515 |jstor=410515 }} * {{citation |last=Schumacher |first=Stefan |year=2005 |contribution='Langvokalische Perfekta' in indogermanischen Einzelsprachen und ihr grundsprachlicher Hintergrund |title=Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel. Akten der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17. – 23. September 2000, Halle an der Saale |editor-first=Gerhard |editor-last=Meiser |editor-first2=Olav |editor-last2=Hackstein |publisher=Reichert |place=Wiesbaden }} * {{cite book |last=Todd |first=Malcolm |title=The Early Germans |year=1992 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing }} * {{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Chuan-Chao |last2=Ding |first2=Qi-Liang |last3=Tao |first3=Huan |last4=Li |first4=Hui |year=2012 |title=Comment on "Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa" |journal=Science |language=en |volume=335 |issue=6069 |pages=657 |doi=10.1126/science.1207846 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=22323803 |bibcode=2012Sci...335..657W |doi-access=free }} ==== Germanic languages in general ==== * {{cite book |last1=Fulk |first1=R D |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages |series=Studies in Germanic Linguistics |date=2018 |volume=3 |publisher=John Benjamin |isbn=9789027263131 | doi=10.1075/sigl.3|s2cid=165765984 }} * {{cite book |last=Helfenstein |first=James |year=1870 |title=A comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages |url=https://archive.org/details/acomparativegra00helfgoog |location=London |publisher=MacMillan and Co }} * {{cite book |last1=König |first1=Ekkehard |last2=van der Auwera |first2=Johan |year=1994 |title=The Germanic languages |location=London |publisher=Routledge }} ==== Proto-Germanic ==== {{sfn whitelist |CITEREFRinge2006}} * {{Cite book|last=Orel|first=Vladimir E.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel|title=A Handbook of Germanic Etymology|year=2003|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12875-0|author-link=Vladimir Orel|url-access=registration}} * {{cite Q |Q131605459 |first=Don |last=Ringe |author-link=Donald Ringe |mode=cs1 }} ==== Gothic ==== * {{cite book |last=Bennett |first=William H. |year=1980 |title=An introduction to the Gothic language |location=New York |publisher=Modern Language Association of America }} * {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Joseph C. |year=1919 |title=Grammar of the Gothic language |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press }} ==== Old Norse ==== * {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=E.V. |year=1927 |title=An introduction to Old Norse |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press }} * {{cite book |last1=Zoëga |first1=Geir T. |author-link1=Geir T. Zoëga |year=2004 |title=A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press}} ==== Old English ==== * {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=A. |year=1959 |title=Old English grammar |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press }} * {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |title=Old English Grammar |year=1983 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780198119432 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TNKAAAAYAAJ |language=en }} * {{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Robert E. |year=1970 |title=Old English grammar and reader |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishgramma0000diam |url-access=registration |location=Detroit |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=9780814313909 }} * {{cite book |last=Hall |first=J.R. |year=1984 |title=A concise Anglo–Saxon dictionary, 4th edition |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press }} * {{cite book |last=Lass |first=Roger |year=1994 |title=Old English: A historical linguistic companion |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{cite book |last1=Lass |first1=Roger |last2=Anderson |first2=John M. |year=1975 |title=Old English phonology |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} * {{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Bruce |last2=Robinson |first2=Fred C. |year=1992 |title=A guide to Old English, 5th edition |location=Cambridge |publisher=Blackwell}} * {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Orrin |author-link=Orrin W. Robinson (philologist) |year=1992 |title=Old English and its closest relatives |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishitsclo0000robi |url-access=registration |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804714549 }} * {{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Joseph |last2=Wright |first2=Mary Elizabeth |year=1925 |title=Old English grammar, 3rd edition |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press }} ==== Old High German ==== * {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Joseph |year=1906 |title=An Old High German primer, 2nd edition |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press }} * {{cite book |last=Waterman |first=John C. |year=1976 |title=A history of the German language |location=Prospect Heights, Illinois |publisher=Waveland Press }}
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