Editing Galileo (satellite navigation) (section)

== Constellation ==
{{main|List of Galileo satellites}}

{{#section-h:: List of Galileo satellites | Summary table}}

=== Galileo satellite test beds: GIOVE ===
{{Main|GIOVE}}

[[File:Giovea.jpg|thumb|[[GIOVE#GIOVE-A|GIOVE-A]] was successfully launched 28 December 2005.]]

In 2004, the Galileo System Test Bed Version 1 (GSTB-V1) project validated the on-ground algorithms for Orbit Determination and Time Synchronisation (OD&amp;TS). This project, led by ESA and [[European Satellite Navigation Industries]], has provided industry with fundamental knowledge to develop the mission segment of the Galileo positioning system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2004 |title=Galileo System Test Bed Version 1 experimentation is now complete |url=http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEM6KYP3K3E_index_0.html |access-date=7 January 2005 |website=ESA News release}}</ref>

* [[GIOVE|GIOVE-A]] is the first GIOVE ([[GIOVE|Galileo In-Orbit Validation Element]]) test satellite. It was built by [[Surrey Satellite Technology|Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd]] (SSTL), and successfully launched on 28 December 2005 by the European Space Agency and the Galileo Joint Undertaking (GJU). Operation of GIOVE-A ensured that Galileo meets the frequency-filing allocation and reservation requirements for the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU), a process that was required to be complete by June 2006.
* [[GIOVE|GIOVE-B]], built by [[Astrium]] and [[Thales Alenia Space]], has a more advanced payload than GIOVE-A. It was successfully launched on 27 April 2008 at 22:16 [[UTC]] aboard a [[Soyuz-FG]]/[[Fregat]] rocket provided by [[Starsem]].

A third satellite, [[GIOVE|GIOVE-A2]], was originally planned to be built by [[Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd|SSTL]] for launch in the second half of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GIOVE-A2 to secure the Galileo programme |url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM8LNN0LYE_index_0.html |access-date=5 March 2007 |website=ESA News release}}</ref> Construction of [[GIOVE|GIOVE-A2]] was terminated due to the successful launch and in-orbit operation of [[GIOVE|GIOVE-B]].

The [[GIOVE Mission]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2006 |title=GIOVE mission core infrastructure |url=http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMWL4N0LYE_index_0.html |access-date=26 February 2007 |website=ESA press release}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One year of Galileo signals; new website opens |url=http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMUGJRMTWE_galileo_0.html |access-date=12 January 2007 |website=ESA press release}}</ref> segment operated by [[European Satellite Navigation Industries]] used the [[GIOVE|GIOVE-A/B]] satellites to provide experimental results based on real data to be used for risk mitigation for the IOV satellites that followed on from the testbeds. [[European Space Agency|ESA]] organised the global network of ground stations to collect the measurements of [[GIOVE|GIOVE-A/B]] with the use of the GETR receivers for further systematic study. GETR receivers are supplied by [[Septentrio]] as well as the first Galileo navigation receivers to be used to test the functioning of the system at further stages of its deployment. Signal analysis of [[GIOVE|GIOVE-A/B]] data confirmed successful operation of all the Galileo signals with the tracking performance as expected.

=== In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites ===
These testbed satellites were followed by four IOV Galileo satellites that are much closer to the final Galileo satellite design. The [[search and rescue]] (SAR) feature is also installed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2014 |title=Galileo IOV Satellites |url=http://navipedia.net/index.php?title=Galileo_IOV_Satellites&oldid=13446 |access-date=1 May 2015 |website=Navipedia}}</ref> The first two satellites were launched on 21 October 2011 from [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]] using a [[Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre|Soyuz]] launcher,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2014 |title=Europe launches two navigation satellites |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/428216/europe-launches-two-navigation-satellites |access-date=14 July 2021 |newspaper=Bangkok Post}} 29 October 2011.</ref> the other two on 12 October 2012.<ref name="BBC19933989">{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19933989|title=Galileo: Europe's version of GPS reaches key phase|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=12 October 2012|access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> This enables key validation tests, since earth-based receivers such as those in cars and phones need to "see" a minimum of four satellites in order to calculate their position in three dimensions.<ref name="BBC19933989"/> Those 4 IOV Galileo satellites were constructed by [[Astrium|Astrium GmbH]] and [[Thales Alenia Space]]. On 12 March 2013, a first fix was performed using those four IOV satellites.<ref>{{cite web|last=|date=12 March 2013|title=Galileo fixes Europe's position in history|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/Galileo_fixes_Europe_s_position_in_history|website=European Space Agency (esa.int)}}</ref> Once this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, the remaining satellites will be installed to reach the Full Operational Capability.

=== Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellites ===
{{Main|List of Galileo satellites}}
[[File:Galileo satellite model.jpg|thumb|Model of a Galileo satellite]]

==== FOC Batch 1 ====
On 7 January 2010, it was announced that the contract to build the first 14 FOC satellites was awarded to [[OHB SE|OHB System]] and for the navigation payload to [[Surrey Satellite Technology|Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL)]]. The first batch of Galileo First Generation satellites known as "Batch-1" consists of the Galileo-FOC FM1 to Galileo-FOC FM14 satellites.
Fourteen satellites were built at a cost of €566 million (£510 million; US$811 million).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8442090.stm|title=EU awards Galileo satellite-navigation contracts|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|first=Jonathan|last=Amos|date=7 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sstl.co.uk/media-hub/latest-news/2010/british-company-sstl-wins-key-role-in-europe%E2%80%99s-gal|title=Press Release: SSTL wins key role in Galileo Programme &#124; SSTL|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109101949/https://www.sstl.co.uk/media-hub/latest-news/2010/british-company-sstl-wins-key-role-in-europe%E2%80%99s-gal|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Arianespace]] will launch the satellites for a cost of €397 million (£358 million; US$569 million).{{needs update |date=December 2021}} The European Commission also announced that the €85 million contract for system support covering industrial services required by [[European Space Agency|ESA]] for integration and validation of the Galileo system had been awarded to [[Thales Alenia Space]]. Thales Alenia Space subcontract performances to [[EADS Astrium|Astrium GmbH]] and security to [[Thales Group|Thales Communications]].

==== FOC Batch 2 ====
In February 2012, an additional order of 8 FOC satellites was awarded to [[OHB SE|OHB Systems]] for €250 million (US$327 million), after outbidding EADS Astrium tender offer. The second batch of Galileo First Generation satellites known as "Batch-2" consists of the Galileo-FOC FM15 to Galileo-FOC FM22 satellites. Thus bringing the total to 22 FOC satellites.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/eu-satellite-contract-idUSL5E8D14XW20120201|title=OHB beats EADS to Galileo satellite contract|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|first=Charlie|last=Dunmore|date=1 February 2012|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162028/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/01/eu-satellite-contract-idUSL5E8D14XW20120201|url-status=live}}</ref> The satellites were built by OHB, with the contribution of Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sstl.co.uk/media-hub/latest-news/2012/sstl-signs-%E2%82%AC80m-contract-with-ohb-for-second-batch|title=SSTL Signs €80, Contract With OHB For Second Batch &#124; SSTL}}</ref>

==== FOC Batch 3 ====
In June and October 2017, two additional orders for 8 and 4 FOC satellites were awarded to OHB Systems for €324 million and €157.75 million. This third and final batch of Galileo First Generation satellites known as "Batch-3" consists of the Galileo-FOC FM23 to Galileo-FOC FM34 satellites. The satellites are being built by OHB in Bremen, Germany, with the contribution of Surrey Satellite Technology (SSTL) in Guildford, United Kingdom.<ref name=eoportal>{{cite web|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/g/galileo-foc|title=Galileo FOC Series|publisher=eoPortal Directory|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="batch 3-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ohb-system.de/press-releases-details/serial-success-ohb-wins-third-tender-for-galileo-satellites.html|title=Serial success: OHB wins third tender for Galileo satellites|publisher=OHB Systems|date=22 June 2017|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211115018/https://www.ohb-system.de/press-releases-details/serial-success-ohb-wins-third-tender-for-galileo-satellites.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="batch 3-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.ohb-system.de/press-releases-details/new-contract-award-for-ohb-european-commission-orders-a-further-four-galileo-satellites.html|title=New contract award for OHB: European Commission orders a further four Galileo satellites|publisher=OHB Systems|date=5 October 2017|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210200333/https://www.ohb-system.de/press-releases-details/new-contract-award-for-ohb-european-commission-orders-a-further-four-galileo-satellites.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sstl.co.uk/media-hub/latest-news/2017/sstl-celebrates-galileo-navigation-payload-order|title=Lift off for 4 Galileo satellites as SSTL celebrates navigation payload order &#124; SSTL}}</ref><ref name="12 things">{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/12_things_you_never_knew_about_Galileo_satellites|title=12 things you never knew about Galileo satellites|publisher=[[European Space Agency|ESA]]|date=5 December 2021|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> When completed Batch-3 brings the total to 34 FOC satellites.

==== FOC launches ====
On 7 May 2014, the first two FOC satellites landed in Guyana for their joint launch planned in summer.<ref>{{cite web|last=|date=7 May 2014|title=Next Galileo satellites arrive at Europe's Spaceport|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/Next_Galileo_satellites_arrive_at_Europe_s_Spaceport|website=European Space Agency (esa.int)}}</ref> Originally planned for launch during 2013, problems tooling and establishing the production line for assembly led to a delay of a year in serial production of Galileo satellites. These two satellites (Galileo satellites GSAT-201 and GSAT-202) were launched on 22 August 2014.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-28860851|title=Europe expands Galileo network|first=Jonathan|last=Amos|date=22 August 2014 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The names of these satellites are Doresa and Milena named after European children who had previously won a drawing contest.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rhian |first=Jason |date=22 August 2014 |title=Doresa and Milena Galileo spacecraft rise into morning sky via Soyuz ST-B |work=Spaceflight Insider |url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/doresa-milena-rise-night-via-soyuz-st-b-launch-vehicle/ |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227232630/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/doresa-milena-rise-night-via-soyuz-st-b-launch-vehicle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 23 August 2014, launch service provider Arianespace announced that the [[Soyuz flight VS09|flight VS09]] experienced an anomaly and the satellites were injected into an incorrect orbit.<ref name="VS09initial">{{cite press release|url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2014/8-23-2014.asp|title=Galileo satellites experience orbital injection anomaly on Soyuz launch: Initial report|date=23 August 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827023854/http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2014/8-23-2014.asp|archive-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> They ended up in elliptical orbits and thus could not be used for navigation. However, it was later possible to use them to perform a physics experiment, so they were not a complete loss.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gannon|first1=Megan|title=Wayward Satellites Test Einstein's Theory of General Relativity |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wayward-satellites-test-einsteins-theory-of-general-relativity/|website=Scientific American|publisher=Springer Nature America, Inc.|access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>

On 15 December 2016, Galileo started offering Initial Operational Capability (IOC). The services currently offered are Open Service, Public Regulated Service and Search and Rescue Service.<ref name="operational"/>

=== Second generation (G2G) satellites ===
During 2014, ESA and its industry partners began studies on Galileo Second Generation (G2G) satellites, which were to be presented to the EC for the late 2020s launch period.<ref>{{cite web|last=|date=4 April 2014|title=Electric thrusters may steer Galileo in future|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/Electric_thrusters_may_steer_Galileo_in_future|website=European Space Agency (esa.int)}}</ref> One idea was to employ [[Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion|electric propulsion]], which would eliminate the need for an upper stage during launch and allow satellites from a single batch to be inserted into more than one orbital plane.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://galileognss.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Galileo-Launch-10-satellites-23242526-Completing-the-constellation.mp4?_=1 |title=Galileo Launch: Completing the Constellation|access-date=22 January 2019|author=ESA|via=galileognss.eu}}</ref>

On 20 January 2021, the European Commission announced that it had awarded a €1.47 billion contract to [[Thales Alenia Space]] (TAS) and [[Airbus Defence and Space]] for 6 spacecraft by each manufacturer.<ref name=sattoday-ecawardsg2contractthales>{{cite web |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/government-military/2021/01/20/thales-alenia-space-airbus-win-second-generation-galileo-satellite-contract/ |title=Thales Alenia Space, Airbus Win Second-Generation Galileo Satellite Contract |last=Hill|first=Jeffrey |date=20 January 2021 |publisher=Satellite Today |language=en |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126003337/https://www.satellitetoday.com/government-military/2021/01/20/thales-alenia-space-airbus-win-second-generation-galileo-satellite-contract/ |archive-date=2021-01-26 }}</ref> The signing of the contracts to Thales Alenia Space and Airbus Defence and Space, scheduled on 29 January 2021, was suspended by the [[European Court of Justice]] following a protest filed by [[OHB SE]], the losing bidder. The OHB protest at the ECJ's General Court is based on “allegations of theft of trade secrets”, and seeks both a suspension of the contract signatures and the cancellation of the contract award. In May 2021 ESA reported it signed the contracts to design and build the first batch of Galileo Second Generation (G2G) satellites with Thales Alenia Space and Airbus Defence and Space.<ref name="FOC gen 2-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Navigation/ESA_signs_contract_for_new_generation_of_Galileo|title=ESA signs contract for new generation of Galileo|publisher=ESA|date=28 May 2021|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="FOC gen 2-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/news/2021-06-new-airbus-satellites-will-navigate-galileo-into-the-future|title=ESA signs contract for new generation of Galileo|publisher=Airbus|date=16 June 2021|access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

The 12 G2G satellites will feature a fully digital navigational payload, electric propulsion, enhanced navigation signals and capabilities, inter-satellite links and reconfigurability in space. The number of atomic clocks will increase from four to six. The satellites' increase in payloads will result in a mass of approximately 2300 kg. The design life is extended from 12 years to 15 years.<ref name="FOC gen 2-3">{{cite web|url=https://www.airbus.com/en/products-services/space/navigation/galileo|title=Galileo|publisher=Airbus|date=16 June 2021|access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="FOC gen 2-4">{{cite web|url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-will-play-major-role-board-galileo-2nd-generation|title=Thales Alenia Space will play a major role on-board Galileo 2nd Generation and will boost performances and cybersecurity for the constellation|publisher=Thaes Alenia Space|date=3 March 2021|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>