Editing French Revolution (section)

===Revolutionary symbols===
To illustrate the differences between the new Republic and the old regime, the leaders needed to implement a new set of symbols to be celebrated instead of the old religious and monarchical symbols. To this end, symbols were borrowed from historic cultures and redefined, while those of the old regime were either destroyed or reattributed acceptable characteristics. These revised symbols were used to instil in the public a new sense of tradition and reverence for the Enlightenment and the Republic.<ref name="autogenerated1">Censer and Hunt, "How to Read Images" LEF CD-ROM</ref>

====La Marseillaise====
{{Listen
 |filename     = La Marseillaise.ogg
 |title        = La Marseillaise
 |description  = The French national anthem {{Lang|fr|La Marseillaise}}; text in French.}}
[[File:marche-des-marseillois.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Marche des Marseillois, 1792, satirical etching, London<ref>{{Cite web |first=Richard |last=Newton |date=1792 |title=Marche des Marseillois, satirical etching |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1988-1001-4 |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=[[British Museum]] |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409221448/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1988-1001-4 |url-status=live }} The text is from the French original, but Newton invented the images of the dancing soldiers himself.</ref>]]
"{{Lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]|italic=no}}" ({{IPA|fr|la maʁsɛjɛːz}}) became the [[national anthem]] of France. The song was written and composed in 1792 by [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]], and was originally titled "{{Lang|fr|Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin}}". The [[French National Convention]] adopted it as the [[French First Republic|First Republic's]] anthem in 1795. It acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by [[Fédéré|volunteers]] from [[Marseille]] marching on the capital.

The song is the first example of the "European march" anthemic style, while the evocative melody and lyrics led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music. De Lisle was instructed to 'produce a hymn which conveys to the soul of the people the enthusiasm which it (the music) suggests.'{{Sfn|Cerulo|1993|pp=243–271}}
{{Clear}}

====Guillotine====
[[File:Cruikshank - The Radical's Arms.png|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Cartoon attacking the excesses of the Revolution as symbolised by the [[guillotine]]]]
The [[guillotine]] remains "the principal symbol of the Terror in the French Revolution."{{Sfn|Hanson|2007|p=151}} Invented by a physician during the Revolution as a quicker, more efficient and more distinctive form of execution, the guillotine became a part of popular culture and historic memory. It was celebrated on the left as the people's avenger, for example in the [[revolutionary song]] ''[[La guillotine permanente]]'',{{Sfn|Delon|Levayer|1989|pp=153–154}} and cursed as the symbol of the Terror by the right.{{Sfn|Hunt|Martin|Rosenwein|2003|p=664}}

Its operation became a popular entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators. Vendors sold programmes listing the names of those scheduled to die. Many people came day after day and vied for the best locations from which to observe the proceedings; knitting women ([[tricoteuse|''tricoteuses'']]) formed a cadre of hardcore regulars, inciting the crowd. Parents often brought their children. By the end of the Terror, the crowds had thinned drastically. Repetition had staled even this most grisly of entertainments, and audiences grew bored.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Opie |first=Robert Frederick |title=Guillotine |date=1997 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-9605-4 |ol=36202481M}}</ref>

====Cockade, ''tricolore'', and liberty cap====
[[File:Sans-culotte.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|''[[Simon Chenard as a Sans-Culotte]]'' by [[Louis-Léopold Boilly]], 1792. A ''[[sans-culotte]]'' and Tricoloure]]

[[Cockade]]s were widely worn by revolutionaries beginning in 1789. They pinned the blue-and-red cockade of Paris onto the white cockade of the ''Ancien Régime''. [[Camille Desmoulins]] asked his followers to wear green cockades on 12 July 1789. The Paris militia, formed on 13 July, adopted a blue and red cockade. Blue and red are the traditional colours of Paris, and they are used on the city's coat of arms. Cockades with various colour schemes were used during the storming of the Bastille on 14 July.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2004|p=42}}

The Liberty cap, also known as the [[Phrygian cap]], or [[Pileus (hat)|pileus]], is a brimless, felt cap that is conical in shape with the tip pulled forward. It reflects Roman republicanism and liberty, alluding to the Roman ritual of [[manumission]], in which a freed slave receives the bonnet as a symbol of his newfound liberty.{{Sfn|Harden|1995|pp=66–102}}