Editing Forging (section)

== Equipment ==
[[Image:Forging shop-Gesenkschmiede 1.JPG|thumb|Hydraulic drop-hammer]]
[[Image:impactor flow.png|thumb|(a) Material flow of a conventionally forged disc; (b) Material flow of a counterblow (impactor) forged disc]]
The most common type of forging equipment is the hammer and anvil. Principles behind the hammer and anvil are still used today in ''drop-hammer'' equipment. The principle behind the machine is simple: raise the hammer and drop it or propel it into the workpiece, which rests on the anvil. The main variations between drop-hammers are in the way the hammer is powered; the most common being air and steam hammers. Drop-hammers usually operate in a vertical position. The main reason for this is excess energy (energy that is not used to deform the workpiece) that is not released as heat or sound needs to be transmitted to the foundation. Moreover, a large machine base is needed to absorb the impacts.<ref name="Degarmo390"/>

To overcome some shortcomings of the drop-hammer, the ''counterblow machine'' or ''impactor'' is used. In a counterblow machine both the hammer and anvil move and the workpiece is held between them. Here excess energy becomes recoil. This allows the machine to work horizontally and have a smaller base. Other advantages include less noise, heat and vibration. It also produces a distinctly different flow pattern. Both of these machines can be used for open-die or closed-die forging.<ref>Degarmo, pp. 392–393</ref>
===Forging presses===<!-- [[Forging press]] redirects here -->
A ''forging press'', often just called a press, is used for press forging. There are two main types: mechanical and hydraulic presses. Mechanical presses function by using cams, cranks and/or toggles to produce a preset (a predetermined force at a certain location in the stroke) and reproducible stroke. Due to the nature of this type of system, different forces are available at different stroke positions. Mechanical presses are faster than their hydraulic counterparts (up to 50 strokes per minute). Their capacities range from 3 to 160 MN (300 to 18,000 short tons-force). Hydraulic presses, such as the [[Four-die forging device|four-die device]], use fluid pressure and a piston to generate force. The advantages of a hydraulic press over a mechanical press are its flexibility and greater capacity. The disadvantages include a slower, larger, and costlier machine to operate.<ref name="Degarmo394"/>

The roll forging, upsetting, and automatic hot forging processes all use specialized machinery.

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of large forging presses, by ingot size<ref name="wnaForge">[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf122_heavy_manufacturing_of_power_plants.html Heavy Manufacturing of Power Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108062405/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf122_heavy_manufacturing_of_power_plants.html |date=2010-11-08 }} ''[[World Nuclear Association]]'', September 2010. Retrieved: 25 September 2010.</ref><ref name="neiForge">Kidd, Steve. [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=147&storyCode=2052302 New nuclear build – sufficient supply capability?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613104418/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=147&storyCode=2052302 |date=June 13, 2011 }} ''Nuclear Engineering International'', 3 March 2009. Retrieved: 25 September 2010</ref>
|-
! [[Force (physics)#Units of measurement<!--or Kilogram-force-->|Force]]<br />([[tonne]]s)
! [[Ingot]] size<br />([[tonne]]s)
! Company
! Location
|-
| 16,500
| 600
| [[Shanghai Electric Group]]<ref name=erzhong/> 
| [[Shanghai]], China
|-
| 16,000
| 600
| [[China National Erzhong Group]]<ref name=erzhong/> 
| [[Deyang]], China
|-
| 14,000
| 600
| [[Japan Steel Works]]
| Japan
|-
| 15,000
| 580
| [[China First Heavy Industries Group]]<ref>{{cite news|title=World's Largest 15000MN hydraulic forging press|url=http://www.chinatechgadget.com/worlds-largest-150mn-hydraulic-forging-press.html|access-date=15 May 2012|newspaper=China Tech Gadget|date=3 November 2011}}</ref> 
| [[Heilongjiang]], China
|-
| 13,000
|
| [[Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction|Doosan]]
| South Korea
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of large forging presses, by force
|-
! [[Force (physics)#Units of measurement<!--or Kilogram-force-->|Force]]<br />([[tonne]]s)
! [[Force (physics)#Units of measurement<!--or Kilogram-force-->|Force]]<br />([[ton]]s)
! [[Ingot]] size<br />([[tonne]]s)
! Company
! Location
|-
| 100,000
| ''(110,231)''
|
| [[Giva Group]]<ref name=giva>{{cite web|title=Giva Group|url=https://www.givagroup.it/technology/forging-rolling.html|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref> 
| [[Rho, Lombardy]], Italy
|-
| 80,000
| ''(88,200)''
| >150
| [[China National Erzhong Group|China Erzhong]]<ref name=erzhong>{{cite news|title=China Building World's Largest Press Forge|url=http://www.chinatechgadget.com/china-building-worlds-largest-press-forge.html|access-date=12 February 2012|newspaper=China Tech Gadget|date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722194120/http://www.chinatechgadget.com/china-building-worlds-largest-press-forge.html|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> 
| [[Deyang]], China
|-
| 75,000
| ''(82,690)''
| 
|[[VSMPO-AVISMA]]
| Russia
|-
| 65,000
| ''(71,660)''
| 
|[[Aubert & Duval]]<ref name="Eramet alloys">{{cite web|title=Eramet alloys|url=http://www.eramet.fr/us/Site/Template/T1.aspx?SELECTID=119&ID=106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210164829/http://www.eramet.fr/us/Site/Template/T1.aspx?SELECTID=119&ID=106|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2010|access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="ADA132398">{{cite book|last=Altan|first=Taylan|title=Feasibility of Using a Large Press (80,000 – 200,000 Ton) for Manufacturing Future Components on Army Systems|year=1983|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA132398|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408133337/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA132398|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 8, 2013|page=12}}</ref> 
| [[Issoire]], France
|-
| 53,500
| ''(60,000)''
| 
| [[Weber Metals, Inc.]]<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.forgemag.com/articles/84832-weber-metals-new-60000-ton-hydraulic-press |title= Weber Metals' New 60,000-Ton Hydraulic Press |author= Dean M. Peters |date= 10 December 2018 |access-date= 25 April 2020 |journal= Forge Magazine}}</ref>

| [[Paramount, California|California]], United States
|-
| ''(45,350)''
| 50,000
| 20
| [[Alcoa 50,000 ton forging press]]<br /> [[Alcoa]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Heffernan|first=Tim|title=Iron Giant|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/03/iron-giant/8886/|access-date=12 February 2012|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=8 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers|title=50,000 Ton Closed Die Forging Press|year=1981|url=http://files.asme.org/asmeorg/communities/history/landmarks/5488.pdf|access-date=2012-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227025023/http://files.asme.org/asmeorg/communities/history/landmarks/5488.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-27|url-status=dead}} History of the Mesta Press at Alcoa</ref> [[Wyman Gordon]]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5662.pdf |title=The Wyman-Gordon 50,000 Ton Forging Press |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers |year=1983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201213858/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5662.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-01 }} History of the Loewy Press at Wyman-Gordon</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Edson|first=Peter|title=Revolutionary Metal Press Cuts Cost of Planes and Guns|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8kIgAAAAIBAJ&pg=6350,424911&dq=forging+aircraft&hl=en|access-date=12 February 2012|newspaper=Sarasota Journal|date=18 April 1952}}</ref> 
| US
|-
| 40,000
| ''(44,100)''
| 
|[[Aubert & Duval]]<ref name="Eramet alloys"/>
| [[Pamiers]], France
|-
| 30,000
| ''(33,080)''
| 8
| [[Wyman Gordon]]<ref name="Wyman Gordon Livingston">{{cite web|title=Wyman Gordon Livingston|url=http://www.wyman-gordon.com/livingston.htm|access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> 
| [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]], Scotland
|-
| 30,000
| ''(33,070)''
| 
| [[Weber Metals, Inc.]]<ref name="Weber Metals, Inc.">{{cite web|title=Weber Metals|url=http://www.webermetals.com|access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> 
| [[Paramount, California|California]], United States
|-
| 30,000
| ''(33,070)''
| 
| [[Howmet Aerospace]]<ref name="Howmet Aerospace">{{cite web|title=Howmet Aerospace|url=http://www.firthrixson.com|access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> 
| [[Midway, Georgia|Georgia]], United States
|-
|}