Editing Ferdinand Marcos (section)

===Constitutional Convention of 1971===
{{Main|Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971}}

Civil society groups and opposition leaders began campaigning in 1967 to initiate a [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]].<ref name="DeanAndyBautista20141011">{{Cite news |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/10/11/1378790/chartering-change-ii |title=Chartering change (II) |last=Bautista |first=Andy |date=October 11, 2014 |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122825/https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/10/11/1378790/chartering-change-ii |url-status=live}}</ref> On March 16 that year, the Philippine Congress made itself into a Constituent Assembly and passed Resolution No. 2, which called for a Constitutional Convention.<ref name="ImbongvFerrer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1970/sep1970/gr_32432_1970.php |title=G.R. No. L-32432 – Manuel B. Imbong vs. Jaime Ferrer |author=R.E. Diaz |website=www.chanrobles.com |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122808/http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1970/sep1970/gr_32432_1970.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

Marcos was surprised by his critics by endorsing the move. Historians later noted that he was hoping the convention would allow presidents to serve for more than two terms.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />

A special election was held on November 10, 1970, to elect the convention delegates.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=130}} The convention was convened on June 1, 1971, at [[Quezon City Hall]].<ref name="KatePedroso&MinervaGeneralao20160921">{{Cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817651/september-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy |title=September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy |last1=Pedroso |first1=Kate |date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=October 20, 2018 |last2=Generalao |first2=Minerva |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719173917/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817651/september-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy |url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 320 delegates were elected. The most prominent were former senators [[Raul Manglapus]] and [[Roseller T. Lim]]. Other delegates later became influential political figures, including [[Hilario Davide Jr.]], [[Marcelo Fernan]], [[Sotero Laurel]], [[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]], [[Teofisto Guingona Jr.]], [[Raul Roco]], [[Edgardo Angara]], [[Richard Gordon (politician)|Richard Gordon]], [[Margarito Teves]], and Federico Dela Plana.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" /><ref name="delegates">{{cite book|last1=De Leon|first1=Hector S.|last2=Lugue|first2=Emilio Jr. E.|title=Textbook on the new Philippine Constitution|date=1984|publisher=Rex Book Store}}</ref>

By 1972, the convention had become bogged down by politicking and delays. Its credibility fell further in May 1972 when a delegate exposed a bribery scheme in which delegates were paid to vote in favor of the Marcoses – First Lady Imelda Marcos became implicated in the alleged scheme.<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10" />{{rp|page=133}}<ref name="BantayogQuintero">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bantayog.org/quintero-eduardo-t/ |title=Quintero, Eduardo T. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani |date=May 16, 2016 |work=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |access-date=June 2, 2018 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621000518/http://www.bantayog.org/quintero-eduardo-t/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The investigation was shelved when Marcos [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|declared martial law]] in September 1972, and had 11 opposition delegates arrested. The remaining opposition delegates were forced to go either into exile or hiding. Within two months, an entirely new draft of the constitution was created by a special committee.<ref name="PCIJ20060501">{{Cite news |url=http://pcij.org/stories/in-1971-and-2006-new-charters-designed-to-keep-embattled-presidents-in-power/ |title=In 1971 and 2006, new Charters designed to keep embattled presidents in power |date=May 1, 2006 |work=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism Website |access-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122900/http://pcij.org/stories/in-1971-and-2006-new-charters-designed-to-keep-embattled-presidents-in-power/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite|1973 constitutional plebiscite]] was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced secret ballot voting with a system of [[wikt:viva voce|viva voce]] voting by "citizen's assemblies".<ref name="Graham&Saunders2002">{{Cite book |title=Asia-Pacific constitutional systems |author=Graham Hassall |last2=Saunders |first2=Cheryl |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511549960 |location=Cambridge |oclc=715166703}}</ref>{{rp|page=213}} The ratification of the constitution was challenged in the [[Ratification Cases]].<ref name="Bernas2003">Bernas, Joaquin (2003). ''The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: a Commentary''. Rex Book Store, Manila</ref><ref name="Cruz2000">Cruz, Isagani A. (2000). ''Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court''. Rex Book Store, Manila</ref>