Editing Fascism (section)

===Contemporary fascism (2008–present)===

====Greece====
{{Main|Golden Dawn (Greece)|l1=Golden Dawn}}
[[File:Golden Dawn demonstration 1.jpg|thumb|Golden Dawn demonstration in Greece in 2012]]

After the onset of the [[Great Recession]] and economic crisis in Greece, a movement known as the [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]], widely considered a neo-Nazi party, soared in support out of obscurity and won seats in [[Greek parliament|Greece's parliament]], espousing a staunch hostility towards minorities, illegal immigrants and refugees. In 2013, after the murder of an anti-fascist musician by a person with links to Golden Dawn, the Greek government ordered the arrest of Golden Dawn's leader [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]] and other members on charges related to being associated with a criminal organization.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24314319 |title=Greece's Golden Dawn leader Michaloliakos held in crackdown |work=[[BBC News]] |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=28 September 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928063556/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24314319 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Michael|2013}} On 7 October 2020, Athens Appeals Court announced verdicts for 68 defendants, including the party's political leadership. Nikolaos Michaloliakos and six other prominent members and former members of parliament (MPs) were found guilty of running a criminal organization.{{sfnp|Samaras|2020}} Guilty verdicts were delivered on charges of murder, attempted murder, and violent attacks on immigrants and left-wing political opponents.<ref>{{cite news |title=Greece Golden Dawn: Neo-Nazi leaders guilty of running crime gang |work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 October 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54433396 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010211224/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54433396 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Post-Soviet Russia====
{{Main|Rashism|Putinism}}

[[Marlene Laruelle]], a French political scientist, contends in ''Is Russia Fascist?'' that the accusation of "fascist" has evolved into a strategic narrative of the existing world order.{{sfnp|Laruelle|2021|pp=161–162}} Geopolitical rivals might construct their own view of the world and assert the moral high ground by branding ideological rivals as fascists, regardless of their real ideals or deeds.{{sfnp|Laruelle|2021|p=20}} Laruelle discusses the basis, significance, and veracity of accusations of fascism in and around Russia through an analysis of the domestic situation in Russia and the Kremlin's foreign policy justifications; she concludes that Russian efforts to brand its opponents as fascist is ultimately an attempt to determine the future of Russia in Europe as an antifascist force, influenced by its role in fighting fascism in World War II.{{sfnp|Laruelle|2021|p=43}}

According to [[Alexander J. Motyl]], an American historian and political scientist, Russian fascism has the following characteristics:{{sfnp|Motyl|2016|pp=33–34}}{{sfnp|Motyl|2022}}
* An [[Dictatorship|undemocratic political system]], different from both traditional authoritarianism and totalitarianism;
* [[Statism]] and [[hypernationalism]];
* A hypermasculine [[Cult of personality|cult of the supreme leader]] (emphasis on his courage, militancy and physical prowess);
* General popular support for the regime and its leader.{{sfnp|Wilson Center|2008}}

[[File:Anti-War protest, Odessa 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Protester against the Russian government, holding an image portraying [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and [[Vladimir Putin]] as Nazis with a [[swastika]] made of colours of the [[Ribbon of Saint George]] and a [[Coat of arms of Russia|Russian coat of arms]] in the centre ([[Odesa]], 2014)]]

Yale historian [[Timothy Snyder]] has stated, "Putin's regime is ... the world center of fascism" and has written an article entitled ''"We Should Say It: Russia Is Fascist."''{{sfnp|Laruelle|2022|p=149}} Oxford historian Roger Griffin compared Putin's Russia to the World War II-era [[Empire of Japan]], saying that like Putin's Russia, it "emulated fascism in many ways, but was not fascist."{{sfnp|Coalson|2022}} Historian Stanley G. Payne says Putin's Russia "is not equivalent to the fascist regimes of World War II, but it forms the nearest analogue to fascism found in a major country since that time" and argues that Putin's political system is "more a revival of the creed of Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] in the 19th century that emphasized 'Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality' than one resembling the revolutionary, modernizing regimes of Hitler and Mussolini."{{sfnp|Coalson|2022}} According to Griffin, fascism is "a revolutionary form of nationalism" seeking to destroy the old system and remake society, and that Putin is a reactionary politician who is not trying to create a new order "but to recreate a modified version of the Soviet Union". German political scientist [[Andreas Umland]] said genuine fascists in Russia, like deceased politician [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]] and activist and self-styled philosopher [[Aleksandr Dugin]], "describe in their writings a completely new Russia" controlling parts of the world that were never under tsarist or Soviet domination.{{sfnp|Coalson|2022}} According to Marlene Laurelle writing in ''[[The Washington Quarterly]]'', "applying the "fascism" label ... to the entirety of the Russian state or society short-circuits our ability to construct a more complex and differentiated picture."{{sfnp|Laruelle|2022|p=150}}

[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], collecting the opinions of experts on fascism, said that while Russia is repressive and authoritarian, it cannot be classified as a fascist state for various reasons, including Russia's government being more reactionary than revolutionary.{{sfnp|Coalson|2022}} In 2023, [[Oleg Orlov]], the chairman of the Board of Human Rights Center "[[Memorial (society)|Memorial]]", claimed that [[Russia under Vladimir Putin]] had descended into fascism and that the army is [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|committing]] "mass murder".{{sfnp|Papachristou|2024}}{{sfnp|Ebel|2024}} On 7 March 2024, in his [[2024 State of the Union Address]], American President [[Joe Biden]] compared Russia under Vladimir Putin to [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[German-occupied Europe|conquests of Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden compares Putin to Hitler as he makes the case for continued aid to Ukraine in SOTU address |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/biden-compares-putin-hitler-makes-100000473.html |website=[[Yahoo!]], The New Voice of Ukraine |date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311220509/https://www.yahoo.com/news/biden-compares-putin-hitler-makes-100000473.html |archive-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

====United States====
{{See also|Alt-right|Radical right (United States)|Fascism in the United States|Donald Trump and fascism}}
While initially composed of distinctive movements, in the 21st century, many U.S. Neo-Nazi groups have moved towards more decentralized organization and online social networks with a terroristic focus.{{sfnp|Southern Poverty Law Center|2021}} After the election of [[Donald Trump]], fascist groups began coalescing around his right-wing populism to take advantage of it.{{sfnp|Berger|2025|pp=177–179}} In 2017, the [[Unite the Right rally]],{{sfnp|Berger|2025|p=186}} saw marchers come together from a variety of far-right groups and movements, including members of the [[alt-right]],{{sfnp|Stapley|2017}} [[neo-Confederates]],{{sfnp|Weill|2018}} neo-fascists,{{sfnp|Gunter|2017}} [[white nationalists]],{{sfnp|Kelkar|2017}} neo-Nazis,{{sfnp|Wootson|2017}} [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansmen]],{{sfnp|Park|2017}} and [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Militia organizations in the United States|militias]].{{sfnp|Early|2018}} Around this period a number of prominent fascist groups were also founded including the [[Proud boys]] and [[Patriot Front]].{{sfnp|Berger|2025|p=190}}{{sfnp|Cruz|Sawyer|2021|pp=247–249}}