Editing Execution by firing squad (section)

=== Spain ===
[[File:Fusilamiento_de_Torrijos_(Gisbert).jpg|thumb|260x260px|''[[Execution of Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga]]'' by [[Antonio Gisbert Pérez]], in 1888 ([[Museo del Prado]]).]]
Since the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] in 1977 the new [[Spanish constitution]] prohibits the death penalty. Previously, execution by firing squad was reserved for cases under military jurisdiction. As in the rest of Europe, the death penalty ordered by a civil court was carried out by other methods clearly different from execution. In modern times, mainly by [[hanging]] or [[garrote]].

During the [[decolonization of the Americas]], several heroes of the independence of the former viceroyalties were executed by firing squad, including [[Camilo Torres Tenorio]], [[Antonio Baraya]], [[Antonio Villavicencio]], [[José María Carbonell]], [[Francisco José de Caldas]], [[Jorge Tadeo Lozano]], [[Policarpa Salavarrieta]], [[María Antonia Santos Plata]], [[José María Morelos]], [[Mariano Matamoros]], etc.

At the time of the [[Spanish Civil War]] the phrase "''¡Al paredón!''" ("To the wall!") to express the [[death threat]] to whom certain blame is attributed to be summarily executed. "''Dar un paseo''" (Going for a walk) is the [[euphemism]] of a series of violent episodes and political repression that occurred during the Spanish Civil War, which took place on both the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican]] and the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist factions]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=La guerra civil española |last2=Daurella |first2=Neri |last3=Thomas |first3=Hugh |date=1978 |publisher=Grijalbo Mondadori |isbn=978-84-253-2767-4 |location=Barcelona |pages=1004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Serrano Fernández |first1=Secundino |last2=Álvarez Oblanca |first2=Wenceslao |date=1987 |title=La represión nacionalista: "paseos" y ejecuciones |url=http://saber.es/web/biblioteca/libros/tierras-de-leon/html/67/2.7represion.pdf |journal=Tierras de León |volume=27 |issue=67 |pages=79 |issn=0495-5773 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212105617/http://saber.es/web/biblioteca/libros/tierras-de-leon/html/67/2.7represion.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-12 }}</ref> looking for victims with the excuse of taking them for a walk, which ended with the shooting in the open fields, often at night.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morcillo Rosillo |first=Matilde |year=1988 |title=Los tribunales populares durante la Guerra Civil en la provincia de Albacete (Los paseos de la muerte) |url=http://www.uclm.es/ab/educacion/ensayos/pdf/revista2/r2a7.pdf |journal=Revista de la Facultad de Educación de Albacete |issue=2 |pages=121 |issn=0214-4824 |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-date=2012-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412223749/http://www.uclm.es/ab/educacion/ensayos/pdf/revista2/r2a7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was an abbreviated murder procedure in the form of the ''[[Ley de fugas]]'' (Law for escapes). Sometimes common criminals participated in them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blanco Rodríguez |first=Juan Andrés |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/297333.pdf |title=Los estudios sobre la Guerra Civil en Castilla y León |publisher=Studia Zamorensia |year=1995 |pages=127 |issn=0214-736X}}</ref>

[[Indalecio Prieto]] would define these executions in ''Letters to a sculptor: small details of great events'' as:<blockquote>"Executions without summary that were carried out in both areas of Spain and that dishonored us Spaniards on both sides equally".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cervera Gil |first=Javier |year=1995 |title=Violencia en el Madrid de la Guerra Civil: los 'paseos' (julio a diciembre de 1939) |url=http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/80073/1/Violencia_en_el_Madrid_de_la_Guerra_Civi.pdf |journal=Studia historica. Historia contemporánea |issue=13–14 |pages=64–65 |issn=0213-2087 |quote=RIETO TUERO, Indalecio: Cartas a un escultor. Pequeños detalles de grandes sucesos. (Introducción). Buenos Aires, Ed. Losada, 1961, p. 17.}}</ref></blockquote>The [[last use of capital punishment in Spain]] took place on 27 September 1975 by firing squads for two members of the [[terrorism|terrorist]] group [[ETA political-military]] and three members of the [[Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front]] (FRAP).