Editing English Civil War (section)

===Scotland===
{{See also|Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms}}
The execution of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] altered the dynamics of [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|the Civil War in Scotland]], which had raged between Royalists and [[Covenanter]]s since 1644. By 1649, the struggle had left the Royalists there in disarray and their erstwhile leader, [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|James Graham, Marquess of Montrose]], had gone into exile. At first, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] encouraged Montrose to raise a Highland army to fight on the Royalist side.{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005|p=145}} When the Scottish Covenanters, who did not agree with the execution of Charles I and who feared for the future of [[Presbyterianism]] under the new [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]], offered him the crown of Scotland, Charles abandoned Montrose to his enemies.

Montrose, who had raised a [[mercenary]] force in Norway,{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005|p=145}} had already landed and could not abandon the fight. He did not succeed in raising many Highland clans and the Covenanters defeated his army at the [[Battle of Carbisdale 1650|Battle of Carbisdale]] in [[Ross-shire]] on 27 April 1650. The victors captured Montrose shortly afterwards and took him to Edinburgh. On 20 May the Scottish Parliament sentenced him to death and had him hanged the next day.{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005|p=146}}

[[File:Cromwell at Dunbar Andrew Carrick Gow.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cromwell at Dunbar]]'', by [[Andrew Carrick Gow]], 1886]]
Charles II landed in Scotland at [[Garmouth]] in [[Morayshire]] on 23 June 1650{{Sfn|Brett|2008|p=39}} and signed the 1638 [[National Covenant]] and the 1643 [[Solemn League and Covenant]] shortly after coming ashore.{{Sfn|Brett|2008|p=41}} With his original Scottish Royalist followers and his new Covenanter allies, Charles II became the greatest threat facing the new English republic. In response to the threat, Cromwell left some of his lieutenants in Ireland to continue the suppression of the Irish Royalists and returned to England.{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005|p=146}}

He arrived in Scotland on 22 July 1650{{Sfn|Reid|Turner|2004|p=18}} and proceeded to lay siege to Edinburgh. By the end of August, disease and a shortage of supplies had reduced his army, and he had to order a retreat towards his base at [[Dunbar]]. A Scottish army under the command of [[David Leslie (Scottish general)|David Leslie]] tried to block the retreat, but Cromwell defeated them at the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]] on 3 September. Cromwell's army then took Edinburgh, and by the end of the year his army had occupied much of southern Scotland.

In July 1651, Cromwell's forces crossed the [[Firth of Forth]] into [[Fife]] and defeated the Scots at the [[Battle of Inverkeithing]] (20 July 1651).{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005|p=158}} The New Model Army advanced towards [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], which allowed Charles, at the head of the Scottish army, to move south into England. Cromwell followed Charles into England, leaving [[George Monck]] to finish the campaign in Scotland. Monck took [[Stirling]] on 14 August and [[Dundee]] on 1 September.{{Sfn|Carpenter|2005|p=185}} The next year, 1652, saw a mopping up of the remnants of Royalist resistance, and under the terms of the "[[Tender of Union]]", the Scots received 30 seats in a united Parliament in London, with General Monck as the military governor of Scotland.{{Sfn|Dand|1972|p=20}}